1. New Kingdoms

2. Russia Capital: Moscow Religion: Orthodox Christianity
Ruler: Ivan the Great
Strengths the monarchy – centralizes power & taxes
Kicks out the Mongols
Becomes the tsar

3. England Settled by the Vikings & Anglo-Saxons
Later conquered by William the Conqueror who creates the feudal system
Becomes a country after the Hundred Years’ War
Government will develop the Parliament where new laws are created
Magna Carta

4. France Later led by the Capetian dynasty
Becomes a country after the Hundred Years’ War
Joan of Arc led the French in battle

5. Spain Famous rulers: King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella Charles V
Funded Columbus’ voyage across the Atlantic Ocean
Led the Spanish Inquisition
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor – Spain & Netherlands…
reunited Empire (for a moment)
Fought the France, Ottomans, & Reformation in Germany