1. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE

2. The Method of Science

3. Science – process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature

4. Scientific Method An organized set of investigation procedures
used by scientists

5. Hypothesis-educated guess or testable prediction
A suggested solution to the problem.
Must be testable
Sometimes written as If…Then… statements
Predicts an outcome

6. Hypothesis
An example of a hypothesis might be that the salamanders have curved tails due to a pollutant in the moist soil where they live.

7. Experiment-organized procedure to test the hypothesis
A procedure to test the hypothesis.

8. Scientific Experiments Follow Rules
An experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.

9. Variable – factor in the experiment that is being tested

10. The Control Variable
The experimenter makes a special effort to keep other factors constant so that they will not effect the outcome.
Those factors are called control variables.

11. What is the Purpose of a Control?
Controls are NOT being tested
Controls are used for COMPARISON

12. Other Variables
The factor that is changed is known as the independent variable.
The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.

13. Example of Controls & Variables
For example, suppose you want to figure out the fastest route to walk home from school.
You will try several different routes and time how long it takes you to get home by each one.
Since you are only interested in finding a route that is fastest for you, you will do the walking yourself.

14. What are the Variables in Your Experiment?
______________is the independent variable
______________is the dependent variable
________________a control variable.

15. A good or “valid” experiment will only have ONE variable!

16. Data Results of the experiment
May be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative

17. Data
Must be organized
Can be organized into charts, tables, or graphs

18. Conclusion
The answer to the hypothesis based on the data obtained from the experiment

19. In order to verify the results, experiments must be retested.

20. Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory
Rule of nature that sums up related observations to describe a pattern in nature Ex. Law of Gravity
Explanation based on experiments – most logical explanation
Ex. Black Hole Theory

21. Scientific Theory and Scientific Law
The field of biology has more scientific theories that result from research.
The fields of chemistry and physics have more scientific laws that result from research.
Cell Theory
Charles’s Law:
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Evolutionary Theory

22. Scientific Theory and Scientific Law
Scientific Theory usually describes a phenomenon seen in nature.
Scientific Law usually explains how a process works under a given set of conditions with a mathematical formula.
New cells form from existing cells
BOTH are proven true through continuous experimentation!
Force is the product of an
object’s mass and acceleration

23. Question: Mass can come from energy and energy from mass (E= mc2)
The speed of light in a vacuum is constant and an absolute physical boundary for motion
Is this a scientific theory or a scientific law?
Scientific LAW
Is this a scientific theory or a scientific law?
Part of the THEORY of relativity

24. Is a scientific theory or a scientific law more correct?
Question:
Is a scientific theory or a scientific law more correct?
Trick question! Both are equally proven to be true through continuous experimentation.

25. STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT

26. International System of Units (SI)
Standard system of measurement used
worldwide
SI Base Units
Quantity Measured
Unit
Symbol
Length
meter m
Mass
gram g
Time
second s
Electric current
ampere A
Temperature
kelvin K
Amt of Substance
mole
mol
Intensity of light
candela cd

27. – Distance between two points Volume
Common SI Prefixes
Prefix
Symbol
Multiplying Factor
kilo k
1,000
deci d
0.1
centi c
0.01
milli m
0.001
micro μ
nano n
Length
– Distance between two points
Volume
– The amount of space occupied by an object
Mass
– Amount of matter in an object
Density
– Mass per unit volume of a material
Time
– Interval between two occurring events

28. How many jumps does it take?
Ladder Method 1 2 3
KILO 1000 Units
HECTO 100 Units
DEKA 10 Units
DECI 0.1 Unit
Meters Liters Grams
CENTI 0.01 Unit
MILLI Unit
How do you use the “ladder” method?
1st – Determine your starting point.
2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point.
3rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction.
4 km = _________ m
Starting Point
Ending Point
How many jumps does it take? 4. 1
__. 2
__. 3
__.
= 4000 m

29. Conversion Practice Try these conversions using the ladder method.
1000 mg = _______ g 1 L = _______ mL 160 cm = _______ mm
14 km = _______ m 109 g = _______ kg 250 m = _______ km
Compare using <, >, or =.
56 cm m 7 g mg

30. Metric Conversion Challenge
Write the correct abbreviation for each metric unit.
1) Kilogram _____ 4) Milliliter _____ 7) Kilometer _____
2) Meter _____ 5) Millimeter _____ 8) Centimeter _____
3) Gram _____ 6) Liter _____ 9) Milligram _____
Try these conversions, using the ladder method.
10) 2000 mg = _______ g 15) 5 L = _______ mL 20) 16 cm = _______ mm
11) 104 km = _______ m 16) 198 g = _______ kg 21) 2500 m = _______ km
12) 480 cm = _____ m 17) 75 mL = _____ L 22) 65 g = _____ mg
13) 5.6 kg = _____ g 18) 50 cm = _____ m 23) 6.3 cm = _____ mm
14) 8 mm = _____ cm 19) 5.6 m = _____ cm 24) 120 mg = _____ g

31. Compare using <, >, or =.
25) 63 cm m 27) 5 g mg 29) 1,500 mL L
26) 536 cm dm 28) 43 mg g 30) 3.6 m cm

32. Strategies for Reading the Ruler

33. Background – World Wide
Two main systems of measurement
Metric System
Based on the number 10
U.S. Customary System
Based on halving or doubling units

34. Background – World Wide
What countries besides the U.S. have not adopted the metric system?
All countries have adopted the metric system, including the United States. However, in nearly all countries people still use traditional units. For a country to switch to metric is a process that happens over time. Only 3 countries in the world, have not officially adopted metric as their primary system of measuring.

35. Background – United States
The U. S. has switched to Metric with
Sporting Events - Olympics
Military
Medicine
Scientific studies

36. Background – United States
At this time, Manufacturing; Transportation; and Construction Industries; are primarily using the U.S. Customary system. In certain sectors, the conversion is obvious (i.e. – Automobiles). However, in these industry areas the changes have not been as complete.
This is the reasoning for studying both measurement systems used in the United States.

37. Background – United States
Architect's Scale
Devices that you can measure with- such as a ruler…….
Framing Square
Yard Stick
Tape Measure
Protractor
Meter Stick

38. Metric Details Millimeters and Centimeters 2 centimeters
10 millimeters = 1 Centimeter
10 Centimeters = 1 Decimeter 1 2
2 centimeters
Lets find this point!

39. Metric Details Millimeters and Centimeters 8 millimeters
10 millimeters = 1 Centimeter
10 Centimeters = 1 Decimeter 1 8 2 7 3 6 4
8 millimeters 5
Lets find this point!

40. Metric Details Millimeters and Centimeters
10 millimeters = 1 Centimeter
10 Centimeters = 1 Decimeter 1
10 Centimeters or 1 Decimeter
Lets find this point!

41. Reading the Graduated Cylinder
And
All about the Meniscus

42. Reading the Graduated Cylinder
Liquids in glass and some plastic containers curve at the edges
Changing the diameter of the cylinder will change the shape of the curve
This curve is called the MENISCUS

43. Reading the Graduated Cylinder
Your eye should be level with the top of the liquid
You should read to the bottom of the MENISCUS

44. Practice Reading the Graduated Cylinder
What is this reading?
18.0 ml

45. Practice Reading the Graduated Cylinder
What is this reading?
36.5 ml

46. Practice Reading the Graduated Cylinder
What is this reading?
42.9 ml

47. Practice Reading the Graduated Cylinder
What is this reading?
47.0 ml

48. Practice Reading the Graduated Cylinder
What is this reading?
61.2 ml

49. GRAPHING

50. Graph A visual display of information or data.

51. Line Graph Show trends or how the data changes over time

52. Bar Graph Useful for comparing information collected by counting

53. Circle Graph (pie chart) Used to show how a fixed quantity is broken down into parts