1. Other senses
Taste
Smell
Touch

2. The Student will
Complete the Graphic ORGANIZER Using the skill of cross referencing Cornell Notes
Summarize :Smell, Taste and SKIN, PAIN AND Touch
Analyze Pain and the Gate-Control Theory

3. Taste: savory sensations
chapter 6
Taste: savory sensations
Taste buds
Nests of taste-receptor cells

4. Taste taste based on chemistry= soluble substances (stimuli)
Have a cooperative working relationship with smell(onion taste is really mostly smell)
Also when You have a cold, food has no taste because you cannot smell it
Gustation- Sense of taste: Sweet, sour, bitter and salty
Now Umani ( MSG in Asian foods) Found naturally in meats, seafood, cheese)

5. Taste description- tell me all about it
Taste receptors- taste Buds, located on top and side of tongue
Taste buds contain primary receptors
Receptors cluster in papillae a mucus membrane.
“Hotline” carries information to the brain
Taste is realized in the parietal lobe’s somatosensory cortex.
Small children= sensitive taste buds, older= loosing sensation

6. Five tastes Five basic tastes
chapter 6
Five tastes
Five basic tastes
Salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami
Different people have different tastes based on:
Genetics
Culture
Learning
Food attractiveness

7. Smell: the sense of scents
chapter 6
Smell: the sense of scents
Airborne chemical molecules enter the nose and circulate through the nasal cavity.
Vapors can also enter through the mouth and pass into nasal cavity.
Receptors on the roof of the nasal cavity detect these molecules.

8. Smell
Olfaction- Sense of smell; chain reaction of biochemical events. 1,000’s of volatile substances (stimuli)
1st odors (airborne chemicals) interact with receptor proteins (tiny hairs in the nose)
2nd Stimulated nerve cells (like the ear) convey information to the olfactory bulbs.
Located in underside of the brain, by frontal lobes

9. More smell Olfaction has strong connection to memory.
In primitive organisms, used to detect decaying food
Animals use smell for communication: ants, termites, dogs, cats
Pheromones: Secreting and detecting odors.
Primarily used for sexual receptivity (perfume), territorial boundaries ( dog peeing) food sources (grandmas kitchen!)

10. Skin Senses
Protects against injury, holds body fluids, regulates temp.
Skin has nerve endings that produce sensations: touch, warm, cold (receptors)
Skin Senses connected to somatosensory cortex (Like taste)
10x more sensitive in our fingers
Touch is primary stimulus for sexual arousal
External contact is stimuli

11. chapter 6
Sensitivity to touch

12. Pain Gate-Control Theory: Melzack and Wall
Explains why pain can be blocked by drugs, competing stimuli (as in acupuncture) or even the expectation of treatment effects
2 sensory pathways from organ to brain
Pain stimulus= tissue damage

13. Gate-control theory of pain
chapter 6
Gate-control theory of pain
Experience of pain depends in part on whether the pain gets past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord.

14. Gate-control theory revised
chapter 6
Gate-control theory revised
The matrix of neurons in the brain is capable of generating pain (and other sensations) in the absence of signals from sensory nerves.

15. Gate Control Theory (1st one)
1st route- has neurons with a fatty myelin covering their axons, handles methods quickly.
Fast fibers- deliver most information to brain.
2nd route- No fatty sheaths, slower
Hypothesis- Fast fibers can block slow fibers=stop pain. Close gate

16. More GCT
For example, when you hit hand with hammer, you immediately begin to shake it. Thus generating fast fibers to close the gate of pain
“Gate” is a region in the brain stem called periaqueductal gray (PAG)
Pain blocking opiates and endorphins act on PAG

17. Dealing with pain
Pain is essential to survival-warns of harm, survive in hostile environments, treatments for illness.
Congenital insensitivity do not feel what is hurting them= scars-deformation
Analgesic drugs: aspirin, Ibuprofen, prescriptions- morphine =controls endorphins.

18. More pain
Can control pain with hypnosis, deep relaxation or thought distracting procedures.
Placebo- pill made of sugar/saline injection.
If you think you are receiving pain relief, your brain releases painkilling endorphins
Show up on brain scans

19. Pain Tolerance Varies from person to person
Electro shocks are the testing method
Greater activation of thalamus= greater pain tolerance

20. The environment within
chapter 6
The environment within
Kinesthesis
The sense of body position and movement of body parts
Equilibrium
The sense of balance
Semicircular canals
Sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head

21. Position and movement
Need constant info. about body parts and relationships to our environment
Vestibular sense- The body position sense that orients us with respect to gravity
Used in posture of head, straight, leaning, tilted. Also tells us when we are moving or how motion is changing
Receptors are tiny hairs, semicircular canals, like the basilar membrane in the ear.

22. Inside Body
Kinesthetic sense- other sense of body position and movement. Keeps track of body parts relative to each other
For example crossing your legs, knowing which hand is closest to the phone. Constant feedback
Receptors are in joints, muscles, tendons.
Connect to parietal lobes in brain.
Automatic unless learning new skill. Golf swing or playing an instrument

23. Summary
TASTE
SMELL
SKIN
PAIN
KINESTHESIS