1. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Topic I – introduction
Some Basic Stuff
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

2. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
my name: Bill Johnson (Dr. J)
phone: or
web sites:
WebCT.ccri.edu
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

3. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
preparing for lecture:
you should download PowerPoints from WebCT – look them over and try to answer questions – bring them to class
download “Possible answers”
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

4. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
grading:
quizzes – 7 or 8
NO MAKEUPS!
Dr. J will drop the low quiz
quiz average counts 20% of your total
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

5. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
exams – 1 – part essay and part short answer
exam counts 20% of your total
lab counts 20% of your total
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

6. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
final exam:
part essay and part short answer
final exam counts 40% of your total
it is cumulative
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

7. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
no food or beverages in the lab
keep valuables with you if you leave
clean up after yourselves – solids into waste baskets – fluids into proper container
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

8. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
bone us points:
Jeopardy
student evaluation of the course
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

9. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Some Basic Stuff
how do grades run (863)?
A – 32.0%
B – 35.0%
C – 25.8%
D – 6.1%
F – 1.0%
Drop – 12.8%(as of summer 2010)
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

10. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Introduction
we learn most normal physiology by studying diseases
we will study physical and chemical processes that allow us to function in a way that allows us to stay alive
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

11. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Introduction
emphasis on understanding concepts rather than many facts
in order to have these actions be beneficial, we need control and feedback mechanisms
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

12. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Introduction
we will study and try to understand the mechanisms
we will find that most physiological actions provide benefit in our ability to survive
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

13. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Topic I – introduction
2. Basic Concepts
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

14. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
let’s review levels of biological organization:
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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Basic Concepts
e.g. epithelial, muscle, neuron, osteocyte, ovum
all carry out similar functions that are necessary for their existence – these are?
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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Basic Concepts
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Basic Concepts
most cells can perform all or most of these functions plus specialized functions
specialized functions are usually modified normal functions
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

18. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
cell cont.:
specialized functions are often reflected in specialized morphology – e.g. rbcs
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

19. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
note that the red blood cells are biconcave disks and very small – what does this affect?
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

20. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
e.g. epithelial, muscle, nerve, connective, reproductive
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

21. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
e.g. skin, biceps brachii, heart, brain, humerus, ovary
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

22. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
e.g. integumentary, cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive
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23. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
e.g. you and me 
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Basic Concepts
generally organ systems are integrated to maximize likelihood of success with some degree of efficiency
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

25. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
cells in a multicellular organism have special problems:
organs and organ systems must provide suitable environment for cell to live
extracellular fluid is the environment
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

26. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
extracellular fluid:
medium for exchange to and from cell
extracellular fluid is similar to seawater – has nutrients, electrolytes, and O2
provides relatively constant internal environment for cells
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

27. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
extracellular fluid has two fractions:
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

28. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
extracellular fluid cont.:
Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- are the dominant ions
proteins in this fluid can be variable
this is half the volume of the cellular volume (intracellular)
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

29. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
intracellular fluid:
less Na+ and Cl-, more K+, Mg+2, and phosphates
how can there be differences?
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

30. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Basic Concepts
water makes up about 56% of our mass!
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

31. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
our systems work to preserve a relatively constant internal environment
e.g. if the glucose level of the blood drops – the liver releases glucose into the blood to restore the glucose concentration
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

32. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
many factors are regulated – O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, temperature, etc.
accomplished by two transport mechanisms:
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

33. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
primarily accomplished via?
supplemented by?
rate determined by activity state of the individual
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

34. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
between tissues and capillaries
only effective over short distances
net movement from high to low concentrations
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

35. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
not everything diffuses outward – what would not?
why?
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

36. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
what organs or organ systems affect the plasma contents?
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37. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
organs or organ systems affect the plasma contents cont.:
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

38. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
organs or organ systems affect the plasma contents cont.:
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39. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
other organs or organ systems perform in a supportive role
obviously we need coordination to achieve stability
control achieved using?
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

40. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls:
much of the nervous tissue is in the autonomic system – subconscious
reduce variation around the acceptable environmental conditions (normal state)
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

41. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont. – home temperature :
room gets cool
thermostat signals furnace
heat released – warms room
thermostat signals furnace to stop heating
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

42. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
thermostats are control devices that use negative feedback
temperature kept in acceptable range
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

43. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont. – glucose levels:
glucose level drops
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44. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont.: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
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45. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont.: 
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

46. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont.: 
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

47. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont.:
the receptor is usually a sensory cell
the integration center is usually the brain and spinal cord
the efferent pathway is often motor neurons – or hormones
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

48. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont.:
hormones are produced by the endocrine system – transported by the blood (the circulatory system is the efferent pathway)
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

49. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
controls cont.:
if speed is essential – nerves are the efferent pathway
if speed is not essential – hormones are more often used – longer duration
the two pathways work together in many cases
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

50. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
control usually accomplished with negative feedback
positive feedback only short term – eventually switches to negative feedback
some systems more sensitive than others
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

51. Basic Concepts – homeostasis
if control systems break down – sickness or death
reproduction is the link above the organism level
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

52. COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Topic I – introduction
No quiz yet – the first quiz will cover Topics I-III
COPYRIGHT 2011 by William C. Johnson II, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED