1. Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 4

2. Developmental Theories - Piaget
Jean Piaget
Deals with Cognitive Development
Basic Concepts –
Schemes
Assimilation
Accomodation

3. Piaget - Accommodation
We all know that this is a fork…
Even young children know that this is a picture of a fork

4. Piaget - Accommodation
So what do you think happens when we show a child this?
Its similar (has two…wait, three tines)…

5. Developmental Theories - Piaget
Sensorimotor
Object Permanence
Stranger Anxiety
Preoperational
Pretend Play
Egocentrism

6. Developmental Theories - Piaget
Concrete Operational
Logic
Mental rotation
Formal Operations
Abstract thought
Systematic reasoning

7. Developmental Theories – Bowlby / Freud
Attachment theory
Attachment measured by the strange situation experiment

8. Developmental Theories – Bowlby / Freud
Attachment theory
Secure
Anxious Ambivalent
Anxious Avoidant
Insecure

9. Developmental Theories - Harlowe
Studied deprivation of attachment
Studies
Human Correlates

10. Developmental Theories – Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Goldilocks Parenting?

11. Developmental Theories - Ericson
Focuses on social development throughout the lifespan

12. Figure 4.2

13. Developmental Theories - Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg
Focuses on

14. Developmental Theories - Kohlberg
Preconventional Stage

15. Development in action : Young Childhood (0-2yrs) Development
Biological, Social and Cognitive Development
Development in action : Young Childhood (0-2yrs) Development

16. Average Physical Growth
Average infant birth weight is
Average infant length is

17. Brain Development Newborns brain is approximately of adult weight
Increases / changes in physical structure of the brain occur
Neural pruning

18. Brain Development
Prefrontal Cortex
Experience Expectant

19. Cognitive Development – 0-2 Years
Sleep
Nutrition

20. Nutrition Breast v Bottle Feeding
Babies require calories for every pound they weigh
Babies should be fed fresh fruits/vegetables when available
After months

21. Motor Development - Reflexes
Reflexive Breath Holding *
Babinksi Reflex*
Tonic Neck
Swimming Reflex*

22. Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor Stage
Understanding of the world constructed by coordinating sensory and physical experiences
Split into six

23. Sensorimotor Stage Simple Reflexes Secondary Circular reactions
Coordination of secondary circular reactions

24. Sensorimotor Stage
Internalization of schemes (mental combinations)

25. Learning, Conceptualizing, Remembering
Dynamic perception
Imitation
Attention / Joint Attention
Concept formation / Categorization
Dynamic perception – the priming of infant perception to movement/change
Operant conditioning has been shown to exist within infant samples. Babies can be trained to perform causal actions. Babies will even remember causal activities and perform them when the stimuli is next presented
Attention – the focusing of mental resources on select information, linked to habituation and dishabituation
Joint attention – starts to emerge at about 7 mo, requires that the individual be able to track another’s behavior, the direction of attention, and a reciprocal interaction
Memory – most people can’t remember past their third birthday (without the help of others) due to infantile amnesia, this may be due to the lack of structure within the prefrontal lobes, implicit memory of acquired motor skills seems to be substantial

26. Emotional Development
Different Types of Cries
Basic
Pain
Different Types of Smiles
Reflexive

27. Emotional Development
Fear
Stranger Anxiety
Separation Protest
Emotional Regulation

28. Notes

29. Notes

30. What Influences Attachment Styles?
Parent – Child Interactions
Infant’s Characteristics

31. Impact of Attachment
Both development are impacted

32. Consequences of Insecure Attachment
Development of Psychopathology
Anxiety Disorders
Reactive Attachment Disorders

33. Emotional Development
Temperament
Chess & Thomas’ Classification
Difficult Child
Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition
( Self Regulation)

34. Kagan’s Temperamental Classifications
Uninhibited (sociable)

35. Notes

36. Emotional Development
Biological Determinants of Temperament

37. Stability of Temperament
Heritability

38. Infant - Caregiver Interaction
Goodness-of-fit model

39. Personality Development
Erikson’s
Development
Independence