1. Citation Why Cite?
HE syllabi increasingly state that referencing (also known as citation) must be used
Any quotes or extracts from materials that students have read or used for the work must be acknowledged.

2. University of Brighton (2000)
Citation
“Within a piece of work the source of any material that is not common knowledge, of opinions other than the author’s, and of any quotations used must always be cited.”
University of Brighton (2000)
UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHTON, MA Information Management Course Handbook. Brighton: University of Brighton. p15-19

3. Citation Procedure 1
There must be a link between the text in the document and the materials that have been used.
In the Harvard system the referencing within the text is very simple, and does not interfere with the flow of the writing
Harvard does not use footnotes, and places the completed citations at the end of the piece of work

4. Citation Procedure 2 Within the text;
Blah, blah, blah…and we see that “the theory of demand informs us that price and quantity are inversely related” (Jewell, 2000)
or,
Blah, blah, blah…when looking at cost-based pricing, Jewell (2000) says that “in essence, it involves the addition of a profit element to the costs of production”.

5. The Harvard Referencing System has the following elements;
Citation Procedure 3
The Harvard Referencing System has the following elements;
Author/ Originator
Year of Publication
Title
Place of Publication and Publisher
Page numbers
Location (if the item is electronic)

6. …as the information is often different!
Citation Procedure 4
The information for the citation must always be taken from the Title Page (or its equivalent) of the material to be referenced.
NOT from the cover…
…as the information is often different!

7. Titles such as Dr or Lord are not used.
Typography 1
There are typographic conventions (BS 5605: 1990) for the layout of the citation, as follows;
Authors/ Originators are displayed in CAPITALS, and are arranged Surname, Initials. e.g.
BOOTS PLC
BOWMAN, S.A.
BURROUGHS, W.S.
Titles such as Dr or Lord are not used.

8. Typography 2
The title of the artefact is always displayed in italics, and only the first letter of the title is capitalized. e.g.
BOWMAN, S.A. The primacy of text in the modern FE environment
You may sometimes see the title underlined in a reference – this is an instruction to the printer to use an italic font.

9. Typography 3
When citing an Article, the title of the Magazine or Newspaper is italicized.
REES, D., Ethics of profit. Business Review
The “Volume” number is displayed in bold, and the “Issue” number in brackets(), thus;
REES, D., Ethics of profit. Business Review, 8 (2). p2-3

10. So that the completed citation for a book looks like this;
Typography 4
So that the completed citation for a book looks like this;
JEWELL, B., Integrated approach to business studies. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman. p18-19
References are always placed in alphabetical order by Author’s surname.

11. Citing Different Materials 1
Obviously, students use information from many different kinds of material;
Books, Magazines, CD-ROM, the Internet
Happily, each of these follows the basic pattern of the Harvard System

12. Citing Different Materials 2
CD-ROM;
These should generally be cited in the same way as magazines, thus;
MICROSOFT, Burroughs, William S(eward). Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Redmond, USA: Microsoft

13. Citing Different Materials 3
Internet;
When referencing an Internet site, students need to put the Date on which the site was viewed, thus;
REH, F., Management. 19th November 2001.
The internet address of the site should be copied into the citation at the time of viewing, as these can often be typographically obtuse!

14. Citing Different Materials 4
The convention is to state “Available URL:”, and then insert the address, thus;
Available URL:
So that the completed citation looks like this;
REH, F., Management. 19th November Available URL:

15. Citation Layout A completed list of references should look like this;
AARSETH, E Cybertext: perspectives on ergodic literature. Baltimore & London. Johns Hopkins University Press. p47-53
BARTHES, R Writing degree zero. New York, Farrar Straus Giroux. p21-24
BECTA, What do young people do with ICT. Careers Education and Guidance: ICT in Practice. 19th November Available URL:

16. Citation
All students will increasingly be asked to reference their work in order to be awarded the qualifications that they desire.
Learning correct referencing now will prepare students for progression to HE, where referencing is essential.