1. Subunit Composition of Kainate Receptors in Hippocampal Interneurons
Christophe Mulle, Andreas Sailer, Geoffrey T Swanson, Corinne Brana, Stephen O'Gorman, Bernhard Bettler, Stephen F Heinemann 
Neuron 
Volume 28, Issue 2, Pages (November 2000)
DOI: /S (00)

2. Figure 1 Generation of GluR5-Deficient Mice
(A) Genomic map of the GluR5 locus around the exon coding for the MD2 domain.
(B) The targeting vector containing a neomycin resistance marker under the control of a phosphoglycerate kinase promoter (pgk-neo). The hatched box TK denotes a thymidine kinase domain of the targeting vector used for counter selection against nonhomologous integration.
(C) An illustration of the GluR5 locus after homologous recombination.
(A–C) Abbreviations for restriction sites are: E, EcoRI; S, SacI; C, ClaI.
(D and E) Southern blot hybridization analysis of mouse genomic tail DNA from wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/−), and homozygous mutant (−/−) mice using probe A on SacI-digested DNA (D), and probe B on EcoRI-digested DNA (E) (for location of the probe sequences see Figure 1A).
(F) Receptor autoradiography using [3H]kainate on coronal sections from wild-type and mutant mice.
(G) Representative whole-cell recording from a dorsal root ganglion neuron from a wild-type mouse (top) and from a GluR5−/− mouse (bottom). Domoate is applied as indicated by the white box. 100 μM GYKI and 50 μM D-APV are present throughout the recording in order to block AMPA and NMDA receptors, respectively.
Scale bars: time =1 s and amplitude = 100 pA. Right graph: summary of the recordings from 33 wild-type and 17 knockout DRG neurons. There is no whole-cell current observed during domaote application in each knockout mouse tested.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

3. Figure 2
Activation of KARs Increases IPSC Frequency in CA1 Pyramidal Cells from Wild-Type and GluR5-Deficient Mice but Not from Mice Deficient for Both the GluR5 and GluR6 Subunit Gene
(A, B, and C) (Left) Samples of continuous recording of spontaneous IPSCs, in the presence of GYKI (50 μM), in CA1 pyramidal cells from wild-type, GluR5−/−, and GluR5−/− × GluR6−/− mice. Domoate (500 nM) led to a reversible increase in IPSC frequency in wild-type (A) and GluR5−/− mice (B), but not in GluR5−/− × GluR6−/− mice (C). (Right) Plots for the same cells of the mean frequency of IPSCs detected during 10 s sample intervals against time. The dotted line represents the level of the baseline holding current.
(D) Comparison of the effects of kainate at different concentrations on spontaneous IPSC frequency in CA1 pyramidal cells from wild-type and KAR mutant mice. Whole-cell recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells in the absence of KAR and AMPAR antagonists. Kainate was applied at different concentrations for 2 min. The increase in sIPSC frequency was measured in reference to a 2 min baseline period. Each value is the mean ± SEM value obtained from five to seven different cells.
(A–D) Slices were bathed with physiological saline containing 4 mM CaCl2 and 4 mM MgCl2 and supplemented with 100 μM D,L-AP5.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

4. Figure 3
Native KARs in Stratum Radiatum Interneurons Are Heteromeric Receptors Composed of Both GluR5 and GluR6 Subunits
(A) Kainate (3 μM) activated an inward current in CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons of a wild-type (top trace) and a GluR5−/− mouse (bottom trace), in the presence of a low concentration of NBQX (1 μM) and bicuculline (10 μM).
(B) (Left) Upper trace: in a stratum radiatum interneuron from a double mutant mouse, KA (30 μM) activated an inward current in the absence of an AMPAR antagonist. Lower trace: this current was fully blocked by a low concentration of NBQX (1 μM). (Right) Pooled data of the mean amplitude of currents activated by kainate (10 and 30 μM), in the presence and absence of NBQX (1 μM), in stratum radiatum interneurons from double mutant mice.
(C) Pooled data of the mean amplitude of currents activated by domoate (1 μM, 2 min application) in the presence of NBQX (1 μM) in stratum radiatum interneurons from wild-type, GluR5−/−, and GluR6−/− mice.
(D) Pooled data of the mean amplitude of currents activated by kainate (10 μM, 2 min application) in the presence of NBQX (1 μM) in stratum radiatum interneurons from wild-type (closed bars), GluR5−/− (stripe-filled bars) and GluR6−/− (open bars) mice.
(E) Bar graphs showing the ratio of the amplitude of inward currents activated in individual cells by kainate (10 μM, 2 min application) and domoate (1 μM, 2 min application) in CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons from wild-type, GluR5−/−, and GluR6−/− mice in the presence of NBQX (1 μM). The bar graphs show mean ± SEM values.
(C–E) Numbers in parentheses represent the number of cells tested.
(A–E) The perfusing solution was supplemented with TTX (400 nM) and D,L-AP5 (50 μM).
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

5. Figure 4
Kainate-Mediated Effects on Evoked IPSCs in CA1 Pyramidal Cells from GluR5−/− and GluR5−/− × GluR6−/− Mice
(Left) Plots of the amplitude of IPSCs evoked in CA1 pyramidal cells by focal stimulation.
(Right) For the same cells, superposition of four consecutive recordings in control conditions and during the application of kainate. The dotted line represents the level of the control inward current.
(A and B) Kainate (3 μM) applied during the time indicated by the horizontal bars in the presence of NBQX (1 μM), led to a reversible decrease in evoked IPSC amplitude in the GluR5−/− mice (A) but not in GluR5−/− × GluR6−/− mice (B).
(C) A higher concentration of kainate (30 μM) applied in the absence of an AMPAR antagonist led to a reversible decrease in evoked IPSC amplitude in GluR5−/− × GluR6−/− mice.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

6. Figure 5
Activation of KARs Increases mIPSC Frequency in CA1 Stratum Radiatum Interneurons
Miniature IPSCs were recorded in a stratum radiatum interneuron in the presence of TTX (400 nM), NBQX (1 μM), and D,L-AP5 (50 μM).
(A) Traces of mIPSCs sampled under control conditions and during application of kainate (10 μM).
(B) Plot of mIPSC frequency versus time. Kainate (10 μM) applied during the time indicated by the horizontal bar led to reversible increase in mIPSC frequency.
(C–F) In the same neuron, a closer inspection of the effects of kainate indicates that kainate affects mIPSC frequency but not mIPSC amplitudes.
(C and D) Each mIPSC is represented by a vertical bar proportional to its amplitude to allow visualization of the activity over prolonged recording periods.
(E and F) Amplitude distribution histograms of mIPSCs recorded before and during application of kainate.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

7. Figure 6
Activation of KARs Increase mIPSC Frequency in Wild-Type and GluR5−/− Mice but Not in GluR6−/− Mice
Miniature IPSCs were recorded in a stratum radiatum intereneuron in the presence of TTX (400 nM), NBQX (1 μM), and D,L-AP5 (50 μM). Miniature IPSC frequency was recorded before and during application of kainate (10 μM, 2 min application), and the ratio of mIPSC frequency was calculated over a 2 min period.
(A) Plot of the change in mIPSC frequency versus the baseline level of mIPSC frequency. Each point represents the values from a single cell recorded from wild-type (closed circle), GluR5−/− (square), and GluR6−/− (open circle) mice.
(B) Pooled data of the changes in mIPSC frequency induced by kainate in stratum radiatum interneurons from wild-type, GluR5−/−, GluR6−/− mice, and GluR5−/− × GluR6−/− mice. The bar graphs show mean ± SEM values. Numbers in parentheses represent the number of cells tested.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )