1. Chapter 11 Gene Technology (Biotechnology)
Section 1 – Genetic Engineering
Section 2 – Human Applications of Genetic Engineering
Section 3 – Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

3. Example – First Genetically Altered Organism
Genetic Engineering
The process of manipulating genes for practical purposes
Involves recombinant DNA
DNA made from two or more organisms
Example – First Genetically Altered Organism
Bacteria produced frog rRNA

5. Steps of Genetic Engineering
Step 1 – Cutting DNA
Genes of interest cut by restriction enzymes
Restriction Enzymes:
Bacterial enzymes that recognize and bind to specific nucleotides
Vector
An agent used to carry the gene of interest to another cell
Plasmids
Circular DNA that replicate independently

7. Steps of Genetic Engineering
Step 2 – Making Recombinant DNA
Genes of Interest + Vector = Recombinant DNA
Transgenic organism
The organism produced through genetic engineering
DNA Ligase:
Bonds (glues) the DNA fragments together
Host cells take up the recombinant DNA to pass on the genetically modified DNA

9. Steps of Genetic Engineering
Step 3 – Cloning
Gene Cloning:
As host cell reproduces – exact copies of the genes of interest are replicated
Gene of interest and plasmid are both replicated

10. Steps of Genetic Engineering
Step 4 – Screening
The cells that picked up the genes of interest are separated from the cells that did not
Only the modified genes are transcribed & translated

11. Each end are known as sticky ends
Recombinant DNA
Each end are known as sticky ends
In order to bond to the plasmid – they must have complementary base pairing

12. Cloning Genes - Confirmed
Step 1 – Southern Blot
DNA cut by restriction enzymes and isolated
Step 2 – Gel Electrophoresis
Electric field that separates molecules by size
DNA is separated into single strands by gel
DNA is negatively charged – migrates to positive pole
Small bands move the fastest

13. Cloning Genes - Confirmed
Step 3 – Probes
Radioactive or fluorescent tags that are complementary to the genes of interest
Step 4 – Visible Bands
The strands will bind with the probes and create visible bands within the solution

15. Human Genome Project
A project that links over 20 genetic labs in six different countries
The purpose:
Identify all 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome
Human DNA:
6 feet long
30,000 to 40,000 genes
Expected Number: 120,000
Which is actual the number of mRNA molecules

16. Genetically Engineered Drugs

17. Genetically Engineered Drugs
Bacteria is the source for many GEDs
These drugs are universal for all body types and that’s why they work

18. Genetically Engineered Vaccine
Harmless version of human pathogen
The human body creates antibodies at the first response so in future infections it can have immunity

19. Improving Crops
Glyphosate
Biodegradable weed killer resistant
Crops were modified so they flourished
Rice Modification
DNA modified to contain iron and beta carotene
Fights iron deficiency and improves vision

20. Risks of GM Crops
Potential Problems
Glyphosate resistant crops could lead to glyphosate resistant weeds
Humans could be allergic to the gene insert to modify the crops
Environment Effect
Pest can become resistant
GM crops could become the new wild plant

21. Technology in Animal Farming
Growth Hormone in Cows
Increases milk production
Introduced through bacteria in their diet
Now naturally in pigs
Transgenic Organisms
Human proteins introduced to farm animal DNA to produce human proteins in milk

22. Cloning
Using undifferentiated cells from an adult animal to produce an offspring through differentiation

23. Genomic imprinting Problems with Cloning
Chemical locking “on” and “off” of a gene without DNA alteration
Use of methyl group – CH3
Cloning Failure
Egg divides in minutes which is too fast to properly form specialized cells

24. A pattern of dark bands on X-ray film
DNA Fingerprinting
A pattern of dark bands on X-ray film
Needs Polymerase Chain Reaction
Used to amplify and make multiple (millions of copies) of the same DNA sequence
This must be done before DNA fingerprinting process begins if sample is too small!

25. DNA Fingerprinting
Process:
DNA cut by restriction enzymes between CCGG
In gel – small fragments move to positive side (DNA is negatively charged)
When bands line up – you can compare DNA to see if they are matched
Example – Blood samples at crime scenes