1. JASON KEITH PHILLIPS Transportation Journal p.26-55, Winter 2004
An Application of the Balanced Scorecard to Public Transit System Performance Assessment
JASON KEITH PHILLIPS
Transportation Journal
p.26-55, Winter 2004
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

2. Self-introduction
葉育亘
嘉義人
任維廉老師lab
音樂&電影
facebook
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

3. outline Introduction The Metrics of Public Transit
Rationale for Categorizing Transit Performance Measures
Methodology Used for Categorizing Transit Performance Measures
Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Conclusions
Reflection
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

4. 1.Introduction 私部門 平衡計分卡 公部門
Performance of government entities is being subjected to ever-increasing scrutiny.
公部門
私部門
Efficiency
平衡計分卡
Effectiveness
Impact
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

5. To exactly assess the performance of government entities.
1.Introduction
公部門
私部門
Applicability
Comprehensive measures
Shopping list
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

6. What you measure is what you got.
1.Introduction
A set of measures to give managers a fast but comprehensive view of their business.
What you measure is what you got.
企業內部觀點
財務觀點
研發與學習觀點
顧客觀點
2019/4/28
KAPLAN
NORTON
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

7. 2.The Metrics of Public Transit
Doing things right
The extent of a given output with the least possible use of resources.
Output/input越高，效率越高
Efficiency
Doing the right things
The comparison of produced output (provided service) to intended output or objectives.
預期目標達成的程度
Effectiveness
Externalities and indirect effects both beneficial and adverse, intended and unintended.
Impact
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

8. 2.The Metrics of Public Transit
Effective Perspective
Goals/Constructs
Measures
Are we doing things right?
Effectiveness Perspective
Goals/Constructs
Measures
Impact Perspective
Goals/constructs
Measures
Are we doing the right thing?
Are we producing the externalities we intend?
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

9. 3.Rationale for Categorizing Transit Performance Measures
Better able to indicate the relative performance between transit systems.
Efficiency
Relate more to the relative performance of one system over time in its own environment.
Effectiveness
Allow the effect of public transit on social well-being, economic improvement, and environmental quality to also be assessed.
Impact
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

10. 4.Methodology Used for Categorizing Transit Performance Measures
Transit goals and objectives literature
The literature in business, transportation, political science, and other social sciences.
Categorize measurement sets.
Duplicate constructs were eliminated.
A comprehensive analysis of the literature on performance measures was undertaken.
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

11. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Labor
Input
Vehicle
Efficiency
Capital
Output
Energy/fuel
Maintenance
Public transit
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

12. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Input
Labor
勞工成本佔運輸成本相當大的比例
有效率的運用勞工以提供運輸服務係關鍵因素
與勞工相關的支出佔大眾運輸營運成本80%以上(Sale and Green 1979)
Also termed “labor productivity”, “labor utilization”
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Labor efficiency
Annual bus miles per operator
Annual passengers per employee
Annual vehicle-hours per annual employee-hour
Passenger miles per employee hour
Passengers per driver pay hour
Peak vehicles per operating employee
Peak vehicles per operating personnel …
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

13. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Input
Vehicle
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Vehicle efficiency
% vehicle operating at peak
Annual passenger per vehicle
Annual vehicle miles of service per vehicle
Revenue capacity miles per vehicle mile
System-wide revenue hours per vehicle
Total vehicle hours per bus
Vehicle hours per peak vehicle requirement …
大眾運輸工具投資及購置成本龐大，如何有效運用此設備愈顯重要
Also termed “vehicle productivity”, “vehicle utilization”
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

14. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Input
Capital
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Profit maximization/ Loss minimization
Average cost per vehicle hour
Cost per trip
Operator cost per passenger
Passenger revenue per operating expense …
Self-sufficiency
Operating revenue per operating expense
Operating revenue per operating subsidy
Subsidy per passenger
Profit maximization/ Loss minimization: Assess the desire of the transit system to operate like a private firm
Self-sufficiency: Assess the public’s willingness to pay for a particular operator’s provided service
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

15. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Input
Energy/
Fuel
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Energy/
Fuel Efficiency
Energy consumption per revenue vehicle hour
Energy consumption per revenue vehicle mile
Fuel cost per vehicle-mile
Gallons of fuel per passenger
Passenger-miles per gallon
Revenue vehicle miles per gallon diesel
Total vehicle miles per gallons of fuel consumed …
Fuel or its equivalent cost for transit vehicle is a major cost component
Transit systems desire to maximize the fuel efficiency of their fleets
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

16. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Input
Maintenance
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Maintenance Efficiency
1,000,000 vehicle miles per roadcall
Annual bus miles per roadcall
Lost vehicle-miles per breakdown
Maintenance cost per maintenance man-hours
Maintenance cost per vehicle
Mean time to repair per breakdown
Maintenance cost per seat mile …
Maintenance Efficiency: How efficiently the transit system maintains its vehicle with regard to cost
Minimize maintenance cost : Additional monetary cost
Customer satisfaction cost
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

17. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Output
Public transit
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Maximization of produced output per dollar of cost
Cost per unit revenue
Labor cost per vehicle-mile
Operating cost per vehicle
Revenue per unit cost …
Maximization of consumed output per dollar of cost
Annual revenue passengers per annual operating expense
Cost per dollar of user benefit
Operating cost per passenger
Revenue per passenger-mile
產出≠消費
每消費一單位產出之成本≧每生產一單位產出之成本
2. Produced output per dollar of cost → quantity of service
3. Consumed output per dollar of cost → quality of service
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

18. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Effectiveness
Utilization of service
Service quality
Security
Frequency of service
Accessibility
Passenger comfort
Speed of service
Reliability of service
Operating safety
General public satisfaction
Passenger convenience
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

19. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Effectiveness
Utilization of service
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Utilization of service
Load factor
Passenger mile per employee hour
Passenger trips per peak vehicle
Passengers per service area population
Revenue passengers per capacity
Total annual passengers/ service area population
Total passengers per revenue vehicle mile …
Refer to how many passenger actually use the transit service
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

20. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Effectiveness
Security
Crime incidents on transit vehicles and in transit facilities affects public mobility
Accessibility
The ability of persons to reach destinations such as work, shopping or recreation from residence with reasonable expenditures of time and effort
Accessibility of the transit-dependent
Security
Accessibility
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Secruity
Number of crime incident related to transportation
Accessibility
% of residents more than 1 hour from key destinations
% of residents not within “X” min of public transit service
Percent employment served
Percent of population served
Percent transit-dependent served …
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

21. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Effectiveness
Operating safety
Physical injury to users and non-users
Property damage
Passenger convenience
How easily transit patrons
Closely related to constructs : “accessibility”, ”frequency…”, “reliability…
Operating safety
Passenger convenience
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Operating safety
Number of accidents per vehicle mile
Number of injuries per vehicle mile
Total revenue miles per accident
1,000,000 vehicle mile per accident
Vehicle miles per accident …
Passenger convenience
citizen perception of travel convenience
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

22. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Effectiveness
Frequency of service
Speed of service
Reliability of service
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Frequency of service
Frequency of performance
Reliability of service
Letter of complaint
Lost vehicle-kms
On-time performance
Deviation from schedule / Ave passenger waiting time
Speed of service
Operating speed
Time required to travel between major origin & destination points
Frequency of service
How often transit service is available to patrons
Closely related to passenger convenience
Reliability of service
The ability of a transit system to provide service to its patrons as promised
Speed of service
The length of time required to travel between two points
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

23. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Effectiveness
Service quality
How well service is provided
轉乘機會、潔淨、駕駛表現…
Passenger comfort
Crowdedness
Noise level
Temperature and odors
Jerkiness of the ride
Inclement weather affect
Internal cleanliness of vehicles
General public satisfaction
The satisfaction of transit users and non-users
Service quality
Passenger comfort
General public satisfaction
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Service quality
% on-time arrivals
% transfers
Average bus age
Number of vehicles per route mile
Percent trips missed
Passenger comfort
Index to road surface quality
Citizen perception of travel comfort
General prblic satisfaction
Citizen perception of overall adequacy of transportation services
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

24. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Impact
Accessibility of the Transit-Dependent
Urban Development / Revitalization
Attraction and Retention of Commuter Traffic
Pollution Reduction
Reduction of Congestion
Reduction of Energy Consumption
The macro effects of public transit and reflect the efficiency and effectiveness of transit, as well as external and indirect effects on social well-being, economic development, and environmental quality.
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

25. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Impact
Accessibility of the Transit-Dependent
Urban Development / Revitalization
Attraction and Retention of Commuter Traffic
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Accessibility of the transit-dependent
% elderly and handicapped served
% route miles in low income area
Passengers per elderly population
Percent transit dependent served
Total vehicle hours per elderly service area population …
Accessibility of the transit-dependent
Advocated by society via government directives
Urban development/ revitalization
Controlling urban development and revitalizing declining areas is a common goal
Attraction and retention of commuter traffic
Its positive impact on both transit revenues and those individuals who do not use public transit
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

26. 5.Constructs of the Definition of Public Transit Performance
Impact
Pollution Reduction
Reduction of Congestion
Goals/
Constructs
measure
Pollution reduction
Air pollution attributable to transportation sources
Cost per vehicle mile of travel reduced
Noise levels along transportation corridors …
Reduction of energy consumption
Energy consumption per revenue vehicle hour
Fuel cost per vehicle-mile
Passenger-km per litre
Vehicle capacity miles per gallon diesel
Reduction of Energy Consumption
Pollution reduction
(air, water, noise, etc.) caused by transit system and provide a negative externality for urbanized area
Reduction of congestion
It can be measured by the index of frequency, duration, and/or intensity
Reduction of energy consumption
大眾運輸系統之資源使用效率較私人運具為佳
永續發展
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

27. 6.Conclusions BSC Approach on Public Transit Efficiency Effectiveness
Impact
Shopping List
Comprehensive List of Transit System Goals and Performance Measures
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘

28. BSC使非財務性指標可加入對企業及政府衡量的機制
7.Reflection
永續發展已是國際趨勢
BSC使非財務性指標可加入對企業及政府衡量的機制
社會面與環境面的影響衝擊是很重要的議題
2019/4/28
交大運管碩一 葉育亘