1. Advanced Literary Devices and Elements (2)
English II

2. Aphorism Examples: Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
Actions speak louder than words.
All that glitters is not gold.
All the world's a stage.
A penny saved is a penny earned.
Children should be seen and not heard.
Don't judge a book by its cover.
Easier said than done.
Here today, gone tomorrow.
Knowledge is power.
Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
The pen is mightier than sword.
Aphorism
An aphorism is a brief sentence or phrase that expresses an opinion or makes a statement of wisdom. Spoken or written, aphorism literally means “definition” and the term was first coined by Hippocrates in his work entitled Aphorisms.

3. In Act V, Macbeth (5. 5. 24-28) gathers this idea in his soliloquy
In Act V, Macbeth ( ) gathers this idea in his soliloquy. He says while speaking of his life:
“…a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing”
The temptation of ambition robs him of the essence of his existence as a human being and leaves behind nothing but discontent and a worthless life.
an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.
Catharsis
Catharsis, the purification or purgation of the emotions (especially pity and fear)The use is derived from the medical term katharsis (Greek: “purgation” or “purification”). In literature it is used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters. It can also be any other radical change that leads to emotional rejuvenation of a person.

4. Dystopia
an imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives a society characterized by human misery, as squalor, oppression,disease, and overcrowding.
Other examples in novels include: The Giver, Fahrenheit 451 and Divergent.

5. Hamartia Macbeth’s Hamartia: Blind ambition Greed
Gullible or Easily Manipulated (by his wife)
Moral weakness
Hamartia
Hamartia is a personal error in a protagonist’s personality that brings about his tragic downfall in a tragedy. This defect in a hero’s personality is also known as a “tragic flaw.
According to legend, Achilles (Greek hero of the Trojan War) was extraordinarily strong, courageous and loyal, but he had one vulnerability–his “Achilles heel.”

6. Logos
Logos is a Greek word meaning “logic.” Logos is a literary device that can be defined as a statement, sentence, or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic.
-Uses citations from experts and authorities, cognitive, rational response.