1. Fish Passage Effectiveness Its Not Just Counting Fish Studies on the Deerfield River John Ragonese, FERC License Mgr. USGen New England Inc. FERC Fish Passage Workshop 11-13-03

2. Fish Passage Requirements Deerfield River Project Deerfield River Project No. 4, No. 3, No.2 Developments No. 4, No. 3, No.2 Developments Settlement Agreement 12-05-94 Settlement Agreement 12-05-94 License issued 04-04-97 License issued 04-04-97 DS Passage within 2 years DS Passage within 2 years DS Passage 4/1-6/15 & 9/15 – 11/15 DS Passage 4/1-6/15 & 9/15 – 11/15 Upstream Passage at No.2 based upon returns Upstream Passage at No.2 based upon returns

3. Downstream Passage Devices Order Approving plans 8-21-98 Order Approving plans 8-21-98 Began operating 4-1-99 Began operating 4-1-99 No. 4 Dam No. 4 Dam New surface collection device, migrant pipe, plunge pool and flume No. 3 Dam No. 3 Dam Modified sluice gate to bypass No. 2 Dam No. 2 Dam New surface gate and flume to dam base

4. Greenfield Old Deerfield Shelburne Falls Buckland I-91 N DRP No. 4 DRP No. 2 Miles 0 2 Bear River South River DRP No. 3 Gardners Falls Dam Schneck Brook Rt. 2 Deerfield River Turners Falls Dam Connecticut River 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Turners Falls Bardwell Ferry Bridge Bardwell Ferry Monitor Station Deerfield River Project Developments, study area, downstream monitor stations, Gardners Falls Project, and approximate river mile locations. Lower Deerfield River

5. Deerfield No. 4 Development Deerfield River Project No. 4 Development layout and radio telemetry monitor locations. Rt. 2 N Deerfield River Forebay DRP No. 4 Powerhouse Intake MonitoredArea 20000 ft DRP No. 4 Dam Fishway MonitoredArea

6. Deerfield No. 4 Fishway

7. Deerfield No. 3 Development Deerfield River Project No. 3 Development layout and radio telemetry monitor locations. 500 N ft 0 Bridge St. DRP No.3 Dam Intake Canal DEERFIELD RIVER Monitored Areas DRP No.3 Powerhouse Fishway

8. Deerfield No. 3 Fishway

9. Deerfield No. 2 Development Deerfield River Project No. 2 Development layout and radio telemetry monitor locations. N Mile 01 Gardners Falls Project Dam Powerhouse DRP No. 2 Monitored Area Monitored Area Fishway 123 Monitored Area

10. Deerfield No. 2 Fishway

11. Evaluation Approach Iterative Iterative …but not by choice …but not by choice Used Radio Tagging to measure Used Radio Tagging to measure … and then some (to solve and determine improvement options) … and then some (to solve and determine improvement options) Believe we are close to succeeding… Believe we are close to succeeding…

12. Radio tagging metrics % Effectiveness Fishway effectiveness is a measure of how well the fishway attracts emigrating smolts. E = F/A, where E = Effectiveness of the fishway; F = the number of tagged smolts that used the fishway; A = those tagged smolts available in the project vicinity just upstream (i.e., the total of the number of fish passed through the fishway, turbines and those fish detected near the fishway but that did not pass by any route).

13. Radio tagging metrics % Safe Passage Safe Passage through each route was calculated as: S = s/P, where S = safe passage between monitoring locations; s = the number of smolts that is passed via a particular route and were detected at downstream monitor locations or manually located downstream; and P = the total number of tagged smolts that used each available route at a particular development. Could only be estimated in a general manner since tagged smolts were not recaptured for examination after passage. Could only be estimated in a general manner since tagged smolts were not recaptured for examination after passage. Tagged fish were monitored for presence at points well downstream of each dam. Tagged fish were monitored for presence at points well downstream of each dam. Length of river reach between the dam and the downstream monitor needs to be considered as to the effect predation could have on the results. Length of river reach between the dam and the downstream monitor needs to be considered as to the effect predation could have on the results.

14. Studies and Modifications Chronology 1999 1999 Completed Construction of Facilities Completed Construction of Facilities 1999 Radiotag telemetry ( all 3 dams) 1999 Radiotag telemetry ( all 3 dams) Radiotagging Results Radiotagging Results No.4 - 59% Effective; Safe passage 85% No.4 - 59% Effective; Safe passage 85% No. 3 – 78% Effective; Safe passage 96% No. 3 – 78% Effective; Safe passage 96% No. 2 – 20% Effective; Safe Passage 55% No. 2 – 20% Effective; Safe Passage 55%

15. Studies and Modifications Chronology 2000 Modifications No. 4 - 1 Bar Racks installed in front of bulkhead No. 4 - 1 Bar Racks installed in front of bulkhead No. 4 and No. 3 - Log boom relocated No. 4 and No. 3 - Log boom relocated No. 2 - Flow Inducer installed, minimum flow unit switched to unit nearest fishway No. 2 - Flow Inducer installed, minimum flow unit switched to unit nearest fishway No. 2 - Flume Support Struts reduced to minimal number, log boom removed No. 2 - Flume Support Struts reduced to minimal number, log boom removed

16. Studies and Modifications Chronology 2000 Evaluations Flow Inducer CFD modeling Flow Inducer CFD modeling Floy-tag visual observation at No. 2 Floy-tag visual observation at No. 2 Radiotag telemetry (all 3 dams) Radiotag telemetry (all 3 dams)

17. Studies and Modifications Chronology 2000 Evaluations Flow Inducer Results Flow Inducer Results Surface flows fields were modified and directed Surface flows fields were modified and directed Insufficient depth above intakes restricted depth of affected surface flow inducing field Insufficient depth above intakes restricted depth of affected surface flow inducing field At 33%+ station load intake velocities dominated flow fields and velocities At 33%+ station load intake velocities dominated flow fields and velocities Radio tagging Results Radio tagging Results No.4 - 28% Effective; Safe passage 74% No.4 - 28% Effective; Safe passage 74% No. 3 – 41% Effective; Safe passage 53% No. 3 – 41% Effective; Safe passage 53% No. 2 – 15% Effective; Safe Passage 71% No. 2 – 15% Effective; Safe Passage 71%

18. Studies and Modifications Chronology 2001 Modifications None 2001 Evaluations Extensive CFD modeling of flows approaching all 3 dams; follow-up modeling Spring 2002 Tested at single unit and 3-unit operation Tested at single unit and 3-unit operation No. 2 tested at higher 10 foot pond No. 2 tested at higher 10 foot pond CFD modeling not performed for higher spill or inflatable dam configuration and passing spill over crest CFD modeling not performed for higher spill or inflatable dam configuration and passing spill over crest

19. Deerfield No. 2 flow evaluation 1997

20. CFD Flow Evaluation 2001-2002

21. CFD Flow Evaluation Conclusions Flow vectors approaching intakes are not affected by presence of bypass option unless immediately in front of bypass. Flow vectors approaching intakes are not affected by presence of bypass option unless immediately in front of bypass. Velocities too high for fish to overcome when in the field in front of intake racks. Velocities too high for fish to overcome when in the field in front of intake racks.

22. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2002 Modifications Altered Operation to increase flows through fishways; reducing generation from 6p-7a Altered Operation to increase flows through fishways; reducing generation from 6p-7a No. 4 - Moved deep trash boom away from fishgate No. 4 - Moved deep trash boom away from fishgate No. 3 Modified trashracks; removed trashboom No. 3 Modified trashracks; removed trashboom No. 2 Increased depth of pond 6 No. 2 Increased depth of pond 6 No. 2 Increased flow through fishgate No. 2 Increased flow through fishgate No. 2 Sluice gate option studied No. 2 Sluice gate option studied

23. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2002 Evaluations Radiotag telemetry (all 3 dams); operations scenarios evaluated Radiotag telemetry (all 3 dams); operations scenarios evaluated No. 3 Underwater camera assessment to determine stream-reared migration timing No. 3 Underwater camera assessment to determine stream-reared migration timing 2002 Fall PIT Tagging upstream tributaries for Spring 2003 evaluation 2002 Fall PIT Tagging upstream tributaries for Spring 2003 evaluation

24. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2002 Evaluations Results No. 3 Underwater camera assessment No. 3 Underwater camera assessment Poor visibility at night (infrared); good during day Poor visibility at night (infrared); good during day 28 smolts identified over 2880 continuous hours 28 smolts identified over 2880 continuous hours Seasonality – temperature 8-12 C; 5/10-5/20; high natural runoff Seasonality – temperature 8-12 C; 5/10-5/20; high natural runoff Radiotag telemetry Radiotag telemetry No.4 - 57% Effective; Safe passage 96% No.4 - 57% Effective; Safe passage 96% No. 3 – 77% Effective; Safe passage 96% No. 3 – 77% Effective; Safe passage 96% No. 2 – 44% Effective; Safe Passage 96% No. 2 – 44% Effective; Safe Passage 96% Sluice Gate more effective than fishway Sluice Gate more effective than fishway High flows affected study; impairing analysis of results between various operating scenarios High flows affected study; impairing analysis of results between various operating scenarios

25. Two Atlantic salmon smolts using the DRP No. 3 bypass during observed peak of the run. Notice smolts are using the bypass approximately mid- stream. No. 3 Underwater Camera Assessment (2002) Time-lapse video recording, set to record at 5 frames/second

26. No. 3 Underwater Camera Assessment (2002) Marked hatchery smolt (left) and unmarked wild salmon (right) using the DRP No. 3 bypass during spring 2002.

27. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2003 Modifications No. 4 Trash boom redesigned and installed 1 depth (vs. 5 previously) No. 4 Trash boom redesigned and installed 1 depth (vs. 5 previously) No. 4 operated to maintain 2-3 drop into collector No. 4 operated to maintain 2-3 drop into collector No. 3 Trash rack modified – bar spacing 1 & 2 No. 3 Trash rack modified – bar spacing 1 & 2 No. 2 Alternative passageway (sluice gate) studied No. 2 Alternative passageway (sluice gate) studied 2003 Evaluations Repeated Operational Scenarios/Radiotagging study Repeated Operational Scenarios/Radiotagging study No. 4 Pit tag monitoring No. 4 Pit tag monitoring

28. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2003 – Repeated Operational Scenarios/Radiotagging study 2003 – Repeated Operational Scenarios/Radiotagging study No. 4 - PIT-tag monitoring No. 4 - PIT-tag monitoring

29. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2003 Evaluations Results Radiotag telemetry Radiotag telemetry No.4 - 57% Effective; Safe passage 93% No.4 - 57% Effective; Safe passage 93% No. 3 – 73% Effective; Safe passage 90% No. 3 – 73% Effective; Safe passage 90% No. 2 – No. 2 – –Fishway 32% Effective; Safe Passage 90% –Sluice gate 81% Effective; Safe Passage 97% –Combined/overall – 60% Effective; Safe passage 81% No. 4 Maintaining drop into collector restricted flow to about 60% of maximum capacity No. 4 Maintaining drop into collector restricted flow to about 60% of maximum capacity No.2 Sluice Gate clearly more effective than fishway No.2 Sluice Gate clearly more effective than fishway Some high flow, but did not skew results Some high flow, but did not skew results

30. Studies and Modifications (cont.) 2003 Evaluations Results PIT Tag Monitoring Limited number of fish found, shocked and tagged in previous Fall Limited number of fish found, shocked and tagged in previous Fall May have been late May have been late No Pit tagged fish hit monitor No Pit tagged fish hit monitor

31. Summary of Radiotagged Results

32. Passage preference for evening/ early morning hours Passage preference for evening/ early morning hours Site specific issues Site specific issues Flow vectors and velocities toward intake significant Flow vectors and velocities toward intake significant Racks spacing variable has not been significant Racks spacing variable has not been significant Flow ratios significant Flow ratios significant Overall Safe passage should be equally considered as meeting passage objective Overall Safe passage should be equally considered as meeting passage objective Operational changes can affect passage effectiveness; seasonal specificity and time of day can reduce the cost Operational changes can affect passage effectiveness; seasonal specificity and time of day can reduce the cost