1. 10월 20일 월요일 중간고사 (30%) 범위 = Lecture + 교과서 + Readings on KLAS
교과서 = 1장, 2장, 3장, 7장
Multiple choice questions (15 문항)+ Short ID questions (5 문항) + Short Analysis (1-2 문항)
“어떤 종류의 사전도 사용 불가”
 전자 영어사전도 사용 불가
 영어 관련 질문은 교수와 조교에게
답안  우리말 또는 영어 모두 OK

2. Voting and Elections The minimum voting age in the great majority of
countries is eighteen.
What about Korea?
National Election Commission in Korea
Voter registration varies from 42 percent in
Switzerland, 58 percent in India and 66 percent in
the USA, to 91 percent in Belgium, 92 percent in
Iceland and 96 percent in Australia.
It averages 75 percent in established democracies.

3. Theories of Voting
How do people vote?

4. Theories of Voting I. Sociological Approaches (the Columbia School)
Paul Lazarsfeld ( ), a sociologist at
Columbia University
People vote according to their membership of
social groups
class, religion, race, language, urban/rural, gender,
generation, occupation

5. Theories of Voting II. Psychological Approaches (the Michigan School)
Angus Campbell ( ) at the University of
Michigan
Psychological orientations and individual
characteristics of voters (esp. the role of party
identification)
“Joe is a liberal, because his mom is a liberal.”
Yet, the strength of party ID is fading in many
western countries
“Party Identification” in Korea: How does it work and why?

6. Theories of Voting III. Rational Choice Approaches
Anthony Downs (1957): An Economic Theory of Democracy
Citizens are rational and they vote on the basis of a
calculation of which party is most likely to satisfy their own
self-interested preferences
Parties are like business competing for customers in the
market place. They try to locate themselves and their
policies close to the median voter.
Median voter is in the middle of the distribution with equal
numbers of voters to the left and right and is therefore a
typical, middle-of-the voter.

7. Who Votes? Income and Education – High-income people vote
more than the less affluent, and well-educated more
than high school dropouts
Race – Although much effort has been made to
increase minority registration and voting, minority
voting rates lower than majority rates
Age – The under-25-year-olds feel less politically
involved, and vote less

8. Who Votes? Gender – Men used to have higher turnout than
women, but in recent elections women vote more
than men (a reflection of women’s higher
educational levels than before)
Place of Residence – Cities have higher turnout than
rural areas, partly due to urbanites’ higher education

9. “Voting Paradox”
Question) “Why do some people NOT vote?” An individual citizen goes to the polls, if and only if p*B > C (* = multiplication) p = Probability that his or her vote will be decisive B = Benefits a voter derives from seeing his or her preferred candidate win C = the cost of voting (transportation etc)  costs from voting

10. “Voting Paradox”
An individual citizen is willing to vote, if and only if
p*B > C
However, ….
Because p is almost equal to zero, p*B is also almost equal to 0.
But, C is always positive (there must be some costs for voting)
According to the original specification, it is rational for people not to vote.
 “Collective Action Problem of Voting”

11. “Voting Paradox” But, is this true in the real world?
So, people won’t vote, because p*B = 0 < C
But, is this true in the real world?
People do vote and even some people are willing to sacrifice
their lives for voting rights.
 theory contradicts truth.  “voting paradox”
Then, to correct this gap, “D term” was later introduced.
p*B + D vs. C
D = the utility one receives as a direct consequence of casting a
ballot, then what could be your D term?
Ex) civic duty, partisanship, emotion, issue, candidate, etc.