1. Implications, adaptations & policies for food security and livelihoods
Solomon Islands Government

2. Based on…..

3. Where are we in the programme?
Projected changes to atmospheric and oceanic conditions
Ecosystems supporting fish
Fish stocks/aquaculture species
Implications for economic development, food security and livelihoods
Adaptations and policies to reduce threats and capitalise on opportunities

4. Outline Win-win adaptations Supporting policies
Factors affecting availability of fish for food
Reef area, population growth, climate change
Implications for food security
Relative importance of population growth and climate change
Win-win adaptations
Supporting policies

5. Plans to use fish for food security
Provide 35 kg of fish per person per year
Maintain traditional fish consumption where it is >35 kg
Solomon Islands
33 kg of fish per person per year

6. Where does most fish come from?
Coastal fisheries / coral reefs, mangroves and sea grasses
Photos: Eric Clua, Gary Bell, Christophe Launay

7. The problem! Sustainable catches from most reefs are unknown
Solution: use median estimate of 3 tonnes per km2 per year

8. Coral reef area in Solomon Islands
Country
Land area
(km2)
Reef area
Fiji
18,272
10,000*
New Caledonia
19,100
35,925
PNG
462,243
 22,200*
Solomon Islands
27,556
8,535
Vanuatu
11,880
1,244

9. Annual coastal fish production (mt)
Reef area (km2)
Reef fish
Fw fish
Total
8,535
25,605
2000
27,605
Population in 2010 was 550,000
~ 46 kg of fish per person per year

10. Factors affecting availability of fish
Population growth
Year
Population
2010
550,000
2035
970,000
2050
1,180,000
2100
1, 970,000
Source: SPC Statistics for Development Programme

11. Effects of population growth on availability of fish per person

12. Effects of climate change
2035 (-2 to -5%)
(-20%)
2100 (-20 to -50%)
Today

13. Additional effects of climate change
Effects of population growth
Additional effects of climate change

14. Adaptations
Must minimise and then fill the gap

15. Adaptation decision framework
Addresses climate change
Long-term Loss
Long-term Gain
Lose-Lose X
Lose-Win
Win-Win x
Near-term Loss
Addresses present drivers
Win-Lose
Near-term Gain
After Grafton (2010)

16. Adaptations to minimise gap

17. Win-win adaptations Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments
Improves resilience of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats

18. Win-win adaptations Sustain production of fish stocks
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Sustain production of fish stocks
Maintaining spawning adults will help ensure replenishment and build resilience of key species

19. Adaptations to fill gap

20. How best to fill the gap? Fish needed for food security tonnes (x1000)
Fish needed for food security tonnes (x1000)
Coastal fisheries Freshwater fisheries Pond aquaculture Tuna

21. Win-win adaptations
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Store and distribute tuna and bycatch from industrial fleets to urban areas

22. Win-win adaptations
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Increase access to tuna with anchored inshore Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs)

23. Win-win adaptations Improve post-harvest methods L-W W-W L-L W-L
Photo: Jocelyn Carlin

24. Win-win adaptations
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Develop pond aquaculture in rural and peri-urban areas
Photo: Ben Ponia

25. Win-win adaptations
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Develop coastal fisheries for small pelagic species ?
Photo: Nathalie Behring

26. Other adaptations
Provide for landward migration of coastal fish habitats
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L

27. Other adaptations Reduce and diversify catches of demersal fish
L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L
Greater focus on herbivorous fish

28. Other adaptations Allow for expansion of freshwater fish habitats L-W
W-W
L-L
W-L

29. Suggested supporting policies
Strengthen governance of agriculture, forestry and mining practices to prevent soil loss and pollution, to safeguard fish habitats and water quality
Minimise barriers to migration of coastal and freshwater habitats
Promote mangrove replanting programmes
Apply ‘primary fisheries management’ to coastal and freshwater stocks to maintain their potential for replenishment

30. Suggested supporting policies
Restrict export of demersal fish to retain them for national food security
Increase access to tuna for the food security by reducing national allocations to industrial fleets
Capitalise on opportunities for freshwater pond aquaculture
Limit farming of Nile tilapia to catchments where tilapia species are already established, or there is a shortage of fish

31. Key investments Surveys of best sites for installing inshore FADs
Programmes to install and maintain FADs
Identify prime locations for peri-urban and rural pond aquaculture
Hatcheries and networks to deliver juveniles
Evaluate merits of micro-credit schemes to develop fisheries around FADs; expand pond aquaculture; and scale-up post-harvest processing

32. Conclusions
Win-win adaptations are available to reduce risks and capitalise on opportunities
Supporting policies and investments are needed
Integrate adaptations and policies and investments into national strategies and action plans for climate change, including community- based actions supported by partners