1. Civil Rights Movement in Education
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2. Nearly 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern states still lived in an unequal world of segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. “Jim Crow” laws at the local and state levels barred them from classrooms and bathrooms, from theaters and train cars, from juries and legislatures.

3. Segregation= the act of separating people into groups based upon race Before the Civil Rights Movement, things like restaurants, restrooms, and water fountains were segregated.

4. During the time of slavery in the United States, the “Mason Dixon Line” was an imaginary line that separated slave states from free states. Even after slavery ended, African Americans still faced prejudice and discrimination, especially in the south. Segregation was a major problem in the southern states below the Mason Dixon line.

5. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the “separate but equal” idea drawing national and international attention to African Americans’ troubles.

6. Read “School Segregation Ends” on page 341 of your textbook.

8. Guiding Questions: What does desegregation mean?
Why did Linda Brown’s parents sue the Topeka Board of Education?
What was the result of Brown vs. Board of Education?
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9. Little Rock, Arkansas and Central High School
Three years after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education that separate schools for blacks and whites were unequal, nine African American students attempted to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The student became known as the Little Rock Nine.
On Sep. 4, 1957, the first day of school at Central High, a white mob gathered in front of the school, and Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the black students from entering.
In response to governor’s action, a team of NAACP lawyers, including Thurgood Marshall, won a federal district court injunction to prevent the governor from blocking the students’ entry.
With the help of police escorts, the students successfully entered the school through a side entrance on September 23, 1957.

10. Aware that the Little Rock incident was becoming an international embarrassment, President Eisenhower reluctantly ordered troops from the Army’s 101st Airborne Division to protect the students. The students were shielded by federal troops and the Arkansas National Guard for the remainder of the school year.

11. Clinton High School
Read “Clinton High School” from your week 34 newspaper

12. Clinton High School
African American students enrolled in an all white school in Tennessee.
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How did the events at Clinton High School compare to those in Little Rock, Arkansas?