1. Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
Ethnology
Social Anthropology
Linguistics

3. Ethnography
(ethnos, a people+graphos, a writing)
An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a specific group of people.
Laura Tamakoshi’s (above) work in New Guinea is another.
This is the basic descriptive level of cultural anthropology.
Participant Observation is major feature.
Margaret Mead’s work with the Samoans is a good example.
(Margaret Mead also worked in New Guinea.)

4. Ethnology
(ethnos, people+logos, word)
An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a larger set of people.
A higher level of generalization….
E.B. Tylor
The Science of Culture.
Ethnologists try to find patterns of behavior that are common to the various groups under investigation.
The Comparative Method is an important tool.
Cultural Universals…cultural traits manifest in some way in all cultures under study.
religion
kinship systems
language

5. Social Anthropology Area of anthropology most like sociology.
Differs mainly on areas of emphasis and the professional identification of the individual.

6. Social Anthropology
Sociologists have been concerned mainly with own society.
Social anthropologists have been concerned mainly with traditional society.
Kinship and Descent

7. Social Anthropology Kinship and descent are Cultural Universals.
Genealogical Space
– Space that contains all human beings.

8. Social Anthropology Genealogical Space Descent Males Generation
consanguineal
Males
Females
Generation
consanguineal
Marriage
affinal

9. Social Anthropology
The investigation of kinship terminology begins with a distinction between kin types and kin terms.
Kin types refer to the basic uncategorized relationships that anthropologists use to describe the actual contents of kinship categories. They are supposedly culture free, etic components.
Kin terms are the labels for categories of kin that include one or more kin types. They are emic structures and vary across cultures.

10. Social Anthropology Kin Types Primary components and letter symbols
Mother [M]
Father [F]
Sister [Z]
Brother [B]
Daughter [D]
Son [S]
Husband [H]
Wife [W]

11. Social Anthropology

12. Social Anthropology

13. Social Anthropology Rules of Descent Bilineal (Bilateral) Unilineal
Matrilineal
Patrilineal

14. Social Anthropology Bilineal Eskimo Kinship
Similar to “American” system

15. Social Anthropology
Matrilineal

16. Social Anthropology
Patrilineal

17. Social Anthropology Comparison of Patrilineal with Matrilineal Descent
Patrilineal Matrilineal
Strong marriage
Brittle marriage
Patrilocal residence
Matrilocal residence
Strict sex rules
Lax sex rules
No marriage rule
X-cousin marriage
Prescribed
Proscribed

18. Social Anthropology Rules of Residence Neolocal Matrilocal Patrilocal
Associated with bilineal descent
Matrilocal
Associated with matrilineal descent
Patrilocal
Associated with patrilineal descent
Ambilocal
Associated with bilineal descent

19. Endogamy - Marriage within group Exogamy - Marriage outside group
Social Anthropology
Forms of Marriage
Rules of Marriage
Monogamy
Endogamy - Marriage within group
One spouse
Polygamy
Exogamy - Marriage outside group
Multiple spouses
Polygyny
Multiple wives
Polyandry
Multiple husbands

20. Social Anthropology Family relatives Four functions of families
Extended families
Nuclear families
Four functions of families
Nurturance
Sex control
Economic foundation
Enculturation

21. Linguistics Study of Language
Language is a system of vocal symbols by means of which human beings interact in terms of their culture.

22. Linguistics Study of Language The three S’s of language: !Kung
No language uses all sounds humans can make.
Phonology, Phonetics, Phonemics
Sound
Phonemes - “packets” of similar sounds recognized as same sound.
Grammar; syntax - rules to put sounds together
Shape
Morpheme - basic unit of sound to which meaning has been attached.
Morphology stydy of shape of language
Sense
All languages make sense to the people who use them…They are equal in this regard.
Semantics - study of sense (meaning).
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

23. Linguistics Chronemics Olfactics Haptics Kinesics Proxemics Oculesics
In many other cultures, time is
time is experienced polychronically
rather than sequentially.
Time in US is a sequence….a commodity
to be spent, used, wasted….
The study of meanings, usage
and communication of time.
Chronemics
Olfactics
Concerned with systems of smell
Communication through the skin….i.e.
Touching by Ashley Montague
Haptics
Bodily movement, facial expression, etc.
Ray Birdwhistell is pioneer
Kinesics
Proxemics
Communication by use of space….
Edward T. Hall’s work, for example
Oculesics
Communication involving the eyes
Includes paralanguage…
It’s not what you say, it’s
the way you say it.
Metalanguage/Vocalics