1. Unit 1: Ocean Exploration
Chapter 1: Introduction to Marine Science
Chapter 2: History of Ocean Exploration

2. Unit 1: Introduction to Marine Science
Chapter 1: Introduction to Marine Science
Chapter 2: History of Ocean Exploration

3. Marine Scientists at Work
4 main branches
Biological Oceanography – studies life in ocean
Chemical Oceanography – studies chemistry of seawater
Geological Oceanography – studies geology of ocean
Physical Oceanography – studies the physics of the marine environment

4. Thinking Like a Scientist
Begin with an observation (process of gathering information)
Information gathered from observations is data
2 Types of Data
Qualitative data: descriptions
Quantitative data: expressed as numbers

5. Thinking Like a Scientist
Use data to make inferences (logical interpretation based on prior knowledge)
After initial observations, make a hypothesis
Hypothesis: proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

6. How Scientists Work Designing an experiment: Asking a question
Forming a hypothesis
Setting up a controlled experiment
Independent variable – variable that is changed
Dependent variable – depends on the independent variable
Record / analyze results
Draw a conclusion

7. Variables and the scientific method

8. Using the scientific method: Inductive and deductive reasoning

9. Repeating Investigations
Key assumption in science is that experimental results can be reproduced because nature behaves in a consistent manner
In other words, you should be able to do someone else’s experiment and get the same results
Sometimes you can not test a hypothesis
To study animal behavior, one must do a field survey
Ethical considerations
Surveys

10. How A Theory Develops
As evidence from numerous investigations builds up, a hypothesis may become so well supported it becomes a theory
Theory applies to a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Sometimes you may need more than 1 theory to explain something
Ex. Marsupials
STOP

11. Unit 1: Introduction to Marine Science
Chapter 1: Introduction to Marine Science
Chapter 2: History of Ocean Exploration

12. History of Ocean Exploration
Why study it?
History of oceanography is connected to Earth’s history
Past helps us understand why / how we apply marine science today
It is interesting

13. History of Ocean Exploration
Can be divided into 4 stages:
Ancient uses (5000BC – 800AD)
Middle Ages (800AD – 1400AD)
European Voyages (1400AD – 1700AD)
Birth / Growth of Modern Marine Science (1700AD – present)

14. Prehistory & Rise of Seafaring
3 primary reasons for early civilizations to interact with ocean:
Obtain food
Discover new lands
Means of trade
Earliest recorded voyage was 3200BC under Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru

15. Prehistory & Rise of Seafaring
Phoenicians – established 1st trade routes through Mediterranean
Polynesian – earliest known regular, long distance, open ocean sailing
Greeks – piloting (using constellations / North Star)
Pytheas (314BC) – predict tides, determine how far N/S
Eratosthenes (264BC – 194BC) – latitude / longitude, Earth’s circumference

16. Latitude & Longitude Used to identify specific location on Earth
Called meridians
Run North-South
Prime Meridian is the longitude of the Royal naval Observatory in Greenwich, England
Latitude
Called parallels
Run East-West
0 degrees = Equator

17. Middle Ages Dark Ages Little exploration, mainly trade
Advancements in science and geography were suppressed
Viking Explorations
Established trade routes (Britain, Ireland, S. Europe, N. Africa, Central Asia)
9th Century global warming freed the north of ice allowing exploration of Iceland, Greenland, and N. America

18. Middle Ages Chinese Magnetic compass
Shipbuilding – central rudders, watertight compartments

19. End of Middle Ages / Route to Africa
Renaissance – new interest in science, economics, politics, religion
Explorers:
Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (1440s) – down west coast of Africa
Bartholomeu Diaz (1487AD) – around Cape of Good Hope but not to India
Vasco de Gama (1497AD) – 1st expedition around Cape to India

20. Exploration of the New World
Christopher Columbus (1492AD) 4 voyages to find Asia / landed in the Caribbean

21. Exploration of the New World
Amerigo Vespucci (1454 – 1512AD)
S. America, Amazon, 1st European to recognize it was a new continent

22. Exploration of the New World
Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1500s) – crossed isthmus of Panama & discovered the Pacific

23. Exploration of the New World
Ferdinand Magellan (1519AD) – circumnavigate the globe (260 men / 5 ships – ended w/ 18 men / 1 ship), died in the Philippines

24. Exploration of the New World
Francis Drake (1577AD) – 2nd circumnavigation, treasure, spices

25. James Cook’s Expeditions
October 27, February 14, 1779
1st sea exploration devoted to methodical, scientific oceanography
Discovered Australia, New Zealand, S. pacific Islands, Hawaii, W. Coast of US and Canada, Bering Straight, Antarctic Circle
Used chronometer to determine longitude

27. US Exploring Expedition
1st significant scientific expedition launched by US led by Lt Charles Wilkes
Explored S. Pacific and S. Atlantic
Proved the existence of Antarctica

28. Father of Physical Oceanography
Matthew Maury
Published The Physical Geography of the Sea which is now considered the 1st textbook on modern oceanography (1855AD)
detailed works on sea navigation

29. Charles Darwin The HMS Beagle began its 5 year voyage in 1831
1859 published The Origin of Species
Theories on natural science and evolution of species

30. Voyage of the Beagle
On a five-year voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin visited several continents and many remote islands. Darwin’s observations led to a revolutionary theory about the way life changes over time.

31. The Challenger Expedition
1872 – 1876AD
1st expedition devoted to marine science
Took 1st soundings deeper than 4,000m (13,123 ft) – 8,200m (26,900 ft)
Collected biological samples
Discovered marine organisms in the deep
Sampled plankton
Catalogued and identified 715 new genera & 4,717 new species

32. The Challenger Expedition

33. Oceanography Explosion
3 Expeditions of Industrial Revolution
German Meteor Expedition (1925)
Water circulation, nutrient dispersal, plankton growth
Mapping Atlantic seafloor with echo-sounding tech
United States Atlantis Expedition (1931)
1st ship designed for ocean studies
Added to Meteor work and mapped the mid-Atlantic ridge
HMS Challenger II Expedition (1951)
Measure depths of Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans
Used echo-sounding
Found deepest part of the ocean – 10,838m (35,558ft) known as Challenger Deep

35. Submersibles / Self Contained Diving
Bathysphere – operated only vertically
Bathyscaphe – much like a blimp by releasing ballyst, limited horizontal movement (Trieste)
Deep-diving submersible – state of the art, some have robotic arms, easier to use in rough seas (Pisces V)

36. Submersibles / Self Contained Diving
Augustus Siebe (1840) – hard hat diving, air supplied from surface
Henry Fleuss (1878) – first workable scuba
Jacques Cousteau (1943) – first practical scuba

37. ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation, Satellites
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROVs)
Small unmanned submarine, umbilical to surface
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
Piloted by onboard computer, sample the ocean on preprogrammed path
LORAN (Long Range Navigation) – later replaced by GPS
Radio transmitters
Satellites
Global observations
Understand influence and effect of oceans on global climate system