1. Chapter Nine Consciousness

2. Question
You would be groggy and confused if you were awakened in which of the following stages of sleep?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

3. Answer Choice d is correct.
Stage 4 is the deepest stage of slow-wave sleep (the term used for stages 3 and 4). It is quite difficult to be awakened during Stage 4 sleep. If awakened, a person is likely to be groggy, confused, and “out of it.” (Chapter 9, Stages of Sleep section)

4. Question
Which of the following is a sleep disorder that involves a person who stops breathing hundreds of times each night?
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Somnambulism
Note from Kelly: the d) distracter should be changed to an actual term in the text, as it is not in the book.

5. Answer Choice c is correct.
Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which people briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night. Sufferers typically feel tired in the morning and tend to show impaired attention and learning ability. (Chapter 9, Sleep Disorders section)

6. Question
Which of the following brain areas appears to act as the “master switch” or controller of circadian sleep rhythms?
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
Cerebellum
Locus coeruleus
Superior colliculus

7. Answer Choice a is correct.
The suprachiasmatic nuclei act as a “master switch” to promote sleep. If damaged, sleep may be nearly impossible. (Chapter 9, Why Do People Sleep? section)

8. Question
Which of the following is a biological explanation for dreams?
Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Watson’s behavioral inhibition theory
Activation-synthesis theory
All of the above are biological explanations

9. Answer Choice c is correct.
Activation-synthesis theory posits that dreams are caused by hindbrain arousal during REM sleep (activation) and cortical processing (synthesis) of these messages from the hindbrain. (Chapter 9, Dreams and Dreaming section)

10. Question
Your roommate now drinks six beers per day to get the effect that he used to get drinking two beers per day. Your roommate is showing evidence of ___________.
withdrawal
tolerance
psychological dependence
none of the above

11. Answer Choice b is correct.
Tolerance is a condition in which increasingly larger drug doses are required to produce the same effect that used to be produced with smaller drug doses. (Chapter 9, The Varying Effects of Drugs section)

12. Question Alcohol is classified as a __________. depressant stimulant
opiate
hallucinogen

13. Answer Choice a is correct.
Alcohol is a depressant. It reduces or depresses central nervous system activity, partly by increasing activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. (Chapter 9, Depressants section)

14. Question Which of the following is NOT an example of a stimulant?
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Marijuana
MDMA (ecstasy)

15. Answer Choice c is correct.
Marijuana is classified as a hallucinogen. Amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA are all classified as stimulants. (Chapter 9, Stimulants section)