1. By: Tara Penman, Ava Lewandowski, and Samantha Klaassen
Properties of Water
By: Tara Penman, Ava Lewandowski, and Samantha Klaassen
Motto: Thousands have lived without love, not one without water… ~W.H. Auden

2. Cohesion and Adhesion Adhesion Cohesion
Sam
Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion
Cohesion is the property of water where water molecules have the ability to stick to other water molecules. For example, water droplets have a dome-like shape due to water molecules sticking together, which is Cohesion, as well as gravity pressing on the water droplet.
Adhesion
Adhesion is where water molecules are attracted to other substances. For example, water molecules can latch onto leaves, and remain there, despite the force of gravity trying to push water off.

3. Polarity Water, as you know, is made up of the compound H2O.
Tara
Water, as you know, is made up of the compound H2O.
Polarity is the unequal charge between a water molecule, where oxygen takes on a slightly negative charge, and hydrogen takes on a slightly positive charge.
Like a magnet, a water molecule has different charges at each end, making other molecules attracted to the opposite charge.
As you can see in this diagram, the negative charge of the bottom molecule is attracted to the positive charge of the top molecule (like a magnet).

4. Surface Tension
Tara
Surface tension happens because of unbalanced forces at the surface layer of a liquid.
In the middle of that liquid, forces are balanced, because they are pulled from every direction.
But at the surface, there is an unequal amount of pull at the water molecules resulting in the molecules being pulled to the center and towards one another.
This allows the strong surface layer of the water to repel some objects and insects that are normally denser than water.

5. Capillary Action
Ava
Capillary Action is the movement of a liquid within a porous material or narrow tube.
Forces of cohesion (water molecules stick to each other) and adhesion (water molecules stick to side of the tube) will be the main causes of Capillary Action.
When the adhesion force inside the tube is stronger than the cohesion force within the liquid’s molecules, the water will be forced upward in the tube. This is Capillary Action.

6. Specific Heat
Ava
Specific Heat is how much energy is needed to increase the temperature of a substance (such as water) by one degree Celsius.
Water has a high specific heat (a lot of heat is needed to increase the temperature of water).
This influences certain important factors, such as the fact that the ocean cools slower than the land.
The specific heat of water determines how long water takes to evaporate (like Evaporation in the Water Cycle).

7. Sam
Water Hardness
The hardness of water creates a residue (like bubbles between your fingers after you wash your hands), that is caused by minerals that dissolve in water.
Mainly, calcium and magnesium are responsible for water hardness.
If you take dishes out of the dishwasher and notice a sticky white film on them, the water you used probably contained a higher amount of calcium and magnesium, therefore the water is hard.
Do you see that white film on the glass? That is due to water hardness!

8. How do Icebergs float on water?
Sam
How do Icebergs float on water?
Less dense freshwater
More dense saltwater
Icebergs are able to float on ocean water because they are made of freshwater, which is less dense than ocean saltwater. Therefore the (less dense) iceberg will float on the (more dense) saltwater.
Icebergs also float because they are composed of large air pockets, which also keep Icebergs lighter than the surrounding ocean saltwater.

9. 3 Interesting Facts Unsafe water kills about 200 children every hour.
Tara
Unsafe water kills about 200 children every hour.
2. About 6,800 gallons of water is required to grow a day’s worth of food for a family of four.
3. There is more water in the atmosphere than in all of Earth’s rivers combined.

10. 3 Class Assessment Questions
Ava
3 Class Assessment Questions
What two forces aid in capillary action?
cohesion and adhesion
specific heat and cohesion
adhesion and specific heat
polarity and water hardness
What two elements are responsible for water hardness?
Why are icebergs able to float on water?
Calcium and Magnesium!
Icebergs are made of freshwater, which is less dense than ocean saltwater.

11. Sources
- Cohesion and Adhesion
- Cohesion and Adhesion
- Surface Tension of Water
- Surface Tension of Water
- Surface Tension of Water
- Water Hardness
- Capillary Action
- Cohesion and Adhesion
- Polarity of Water
- Specific Heat
- How do Icebergs float on water?

12. Thank you for exploring the Properties of Water with us!