1. Species Diversity Two factors define species diversity:
Species Richness:
Number of species in the community.
Species Evenness:
Relative abundance of species.

3. Common Diversity Indices
Shannon-Wiener index is:
H = -  pilogepi
Simpson’s index is:
D = 1/pi2
where: pi = the proportion of each species in the total sample

7. Park A
Park B
HA= -5[(1/5)ln(1/5)]= 0.70
HB= -3[(1/3)ln(1/3)]= 0.48
HA > HB

8. Park C
Park D
HC = 0.48
HD = 0.38
HC > HD

9. Park E
Park F
HE = 0.48
HF = 0.48
HE = HF

10. Park G
Park H
HG = 0.30
HH = 0.60
HG < HH

11. Mark and recapture population estimate
Single marking and single recapture
Lincoln-Petersen index
date to 1786, Laplace estimated the population size of France.
MC N C
N = => =
R M R
M: marked animal
C: total recaptured sample
R: recaptured and marked in C

12. M R N = , p = p C assumption: 1. population is closed: no migration
2. all animals are equally to be captured in each sample
3. marks are not lost, gain, and overlooked