1. Silicone-Coated Polypropylene Hollow-Fiber Oxygenator: Experimental Evaluation and Preliminary Clinical Use 
Takatsugu Shimono, MD, Yu Shomura, MD, Iwao Hioki, MD, Akira Shimamoto, MD, Hironori Tenpaku, MD, Yasumi Maze, MD, Koji Onoda, MD, Motoshi Takao, MD, Hideto Shimpo, MD, Isao Yada, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 63, Issue 6, Pages (June 1997)
DOI: /S (97)

2. Fig. 1
Findings of hollow fibers by scanning electron microscopy (×5,000) before 53% reduction. (A) Uncoated polypropylene hollow fibers; many micropores are identified. (B) Silicone-coated polypropylene hollow fibers; micropores are completely covered with an ultrathin silicone layer.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

3. Fig. 2
Schematic drawing of an experimental circuit for venoarterial bypass.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

4. Fig. 3
Representative finding of oxygenator at a termination of experimental venoarterial bypass. (A) There is no plasma leakage in group A. (B) There is severe plasma leakage in group B.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

5. Fig. 4
Changes in O2 transfer rate during experimental venoarterial bypass.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

6. Fig. 5
Changes in CO2 transfer rate during experimental venoarterial bypass.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

7. Fig. 6
Changes in plasma free hemoglobin level during experimental venoarterial bypass.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

8. Fig. 7
Changes in plasma total protein level during experimental venoarterial bypass.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

9. Fig. 8
Representative findings of fibers by scanning electron microscopy. (A) The finding of a silicone-coated polypropylene hollow fiber sampled from group A used for 24-hour experimental venoarterial bypass; there were a few scattered platelet adhesions on the surface. (B) The finding of an uncoated polypropylene hollow fiber sampled from group B used for 18-hour experimental venoarterial bypass; there were scattered aggregated platelet adhesions on the surface. (C) The finding of a silicone-coated polypropylene hollow fiber sampled from group A used for 24-hour experimental venoarterial bypass; no damage of the silicone coating of the polypropylene hollow fiber was noted. (A, B ×1,000, C ×5,000; all before 53% reduction.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

10. Fig. 9
Changes in O2 and CO2 tension levels during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass (Pa = arterial tension; Pv = venous tension.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )

11. Fig. 10
Pressure loss through the oxygenators during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (97) )