1. Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
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2. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter Eleven:
Motivation and Emotion
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3. Motivation and Emotion
internal state that activates and gives
direction to our thoughts
Emotion:
positive or negative feelings that are
accompanied by physiological
arousal and characteristic behavior
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4. Primary Motives: Biological Needs
Homeostasis:
body’s need to maintain a certain level
of essential life elements
- homeostatic mechanisms
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5. Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.)
Hunger:
- the regulation of
food intake
- hypothalamus
- lateral
hypothalamus
- feeding system
- initiates eating
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6. Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.)
Hunger (cont.):
ventromedial
hypothalamus
- satiety system
- stops eating
- if destroyed,
hyperphagia
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7. Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.)
Hunger (cont.):
- paraventricular nucleus:
- stomach contractions
- blood-sugar levels
- body fat levels:
- leptin
- metabolism
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8. Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.)
Body weight and the “set point”:
- specific hungers
- psychological factors in hunger
- incentives
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9. Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.)
Thirst:
- the regulation of water intake
Biological regulation of thirst:
- mouth dryness
- cell fluid levels:
- pituitary gland
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- total blood volume:
- angiotensin
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10. Psychological Motives
Stimulus motivation:
- seeking novel
stimulation
- inborn motive
- optimal arousal
theory:
- optimal level of
arousal
- reticular
formation
Yerkes-Dodson law
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11. Psychological Motives (cont.)
Achievement motivation:
- mastery goals
- performance-approach goals
- performance-avoidance goals
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12. Psychological Motives (cont.)
Solomon’s opponent-process theory of
acquired motives:
every state of positive feeling is followed by
a contrasting negative feeling, and
vice versa
any feeling (either positive or negative)
that is experienced many times in
succession loses some of its
intensity
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13. Psychological Motives (cont.)
Opponent-process theory of motivation
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14. Psychological Motives (cont.)
Motivation:
- intrinsic motivation:
motivation through an inherent nature of
the activity
- extrinsic motivation:
- motivation that is external to the activity
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15. Psychological Motives (cont.)
Maslow’s hierarchy
of motives:
if lower needs in
the hierarchy are
not met, then
higher motives will
not operate
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16. Sexual Motivation and Sexuality
Sexual response cycle:
- excitement phase
- plateau phase
- orgasmic phase:
- orgasm
- resolution phase:
- refractory period
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17. Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.)
Similarities of sexual motivation to other primary motives:
- hypothalamic control
- role of external stimuli
- role of learning
- role of emotions
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18. Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.)
Differences between sexual motivation and other primary motives:
- survival value
- increases and decreases in arousal
- role of deprivation
- decreases in energy
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19. Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.)
Hormones and other biological factors in sexual behavior:
nonhumans vs.
humans
influences during
ovulation
patterns of sexual
behavior
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20. Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.)
Sexual orientation:
- heterosexual
- homosexual
- bisexual
Stigmatization, stress and sexual orientation
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21. Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.)
Sexual orientation (cont.):
- origins of sexual orientation:
- genetic factors
atypical levels of some sex hormones
during prenatal development
- older male sibling(s):
- due to lower levels of prenatal testosterone
hypothalamus and other brain structure
differences in men and women
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22. Three theories of emotion:
Emotions
Three theories of emotion:
- James-Lange theory of emotion
- Cannon-Bard theory
- cognitive theory of emotion:
- step 1: interpretation of incoming stimuli
- step 2: interpretation of body stimuli
- Schachter and Singer's classic study
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23. Emotions (cont.) The pursuit of happiness: - Does money buy happiness?
- Does having friends and a romantic partner
make you happy?
- Does work make you happy?
- Does religion make you happy?
- Are some people inherently more likely to
be happy?
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24. Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects
Freud’s instinct theory:
- instinctive aggressive energy must
be released in some way
- catharsis
- nonviolent
- heavily debated
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25. Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.)
Frustration-aggression theory:
- aggression is inborn
- aggression is a natural reaction to the
frustration of important motives
- expanded to include anything aversive
- e.g., pain to intense heat
- periods of intense heat show increase in
violence:
- global warming concerns
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26. Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.)
Social learning theory:
- Albert Bandura:
people are only aggressive if they have
learned that it is to their benefit to be
aggressive
- directly conflicts with Freud on the topic
of catharsis
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27. Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.)
Cognitive theory of aggression:
- 6 beliefs that foster violence and wars:
- superiority
- victims of injustice
- vulnerability
- distrust
- helplessness
- sanctions from God:
- martyrdom
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28. Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.)
Violent youth gangs:
- Ervin Staub (1996):
incorporates elements of both the
frustration-aggression and the social
learning theories of aggression
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