1. Recording Business Transactions
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 describes the purpose of accounting in the business environment.

2. Learning Objectives
Explain accounts, journals, and ledgers as they relate to recording transactions and describe common accounts
Define debits, credits, and normal account balances and use double-entry accounting and T-accounts
List the steps of the transaction recording
process
The objectives for this chapter include to:
1. Explain accounts, journals, and ledgers as they relate to recording transactions and describe common accounts.
2. Define debits, credits, and normal account balances and use double-entry accounting and T-accounts.
3. List the steps of the transaction recording process.

3. Learning Objectives
Journalize and post sample transactions to the ledger
Prepare the trial balance from the T-accounts
Additional objectives include to:
4. Journalize and post sample transactions to the ledger.
5. Prepare the trial balance from the T-accounts.

4. 1
Explain accounts, journals, and ledgers as they relate to recording transactions and describe common accounts
The first objective is to explain accounts, journals, and ledgers and how they relate to recording transactions. In addition, common accounts will be described.

5. The Accounting Process
Record
transactions
in the journal
Copy (post) to
the ledger
This diagram summarizes the accounting process covered in this chapter. Accountants record transactions first in a journal, which is the chronological record of transactions. Accountants then post (copy) the data to the book of accounts called the ledger. A list of all the ledger accounts and their balances is called a trial balance. The third step is to prepare a trial balance. This is a listing of all the accounts and their amounts. All of these steps and terms will be explained later in this presentation.
Prepare the
trial balance

6. The Account Basic summary device
Detailed record of all changes that have occurred in a particular asset, liability, or owner’s equity
Covers a specific period of time
Grouped in three broad categories
Assets
Liabilities
Owner’s Equity
The Account is a detailed record of all the changes that have occurred in a particular asset, liability, or owner’s equity. Accounts are grouped in three broad categories, according to the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s equity.

7. The Journal and The Ledger
Chronological record of transactions
Organized by date
Ledger
The book holding all the accounts and their balances
Organized by account
Accountants first record transactions in a journal, which is the chronological record of transactions. The transactions are posted to the appropriate accounts in the ledger – the “book” where account balances are maintained. The journal is organized by date and the ledger is organized by account.
If you want to see a particular transaction, you would look in the journal. If you want to look at the activity in a particular account, such as Cash, you would go to the ledger.

8. Trial Balance Listing of all accounts and their balances
A list of all the ledger accounts and their balances is called a trial balance. It is shown in order of account types: Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Dividends, Revenues, and Expenses.

9. The Accounting Equation
ASSETS
LIABILITIES
EQUITY
Economic
Resources
Claims to Economic
Resources
The basic tool of accounting is the accounting equation. It measures the resources of a business and the claims to those resources. Assets will always equal liabilities plus equity.

10. Assets
Economic resources that will benefit the business in the future:
Cash
Accounts receivable
Notes receivable
Prepaid expenses
Land
Building
Equipment, Furniture, Fixtures
Assets are economic resources that will benefit the business in the future, or simply, something that the business owns that has value. Most firms use the following asset accounts:
1. Cash: This account is a record of the cash effects of transactions. Cash includes money, such as a bank balance, paper currency, coins, and checks.
2. Accounts Receivable: Most businesses sell goods or services in exchange for a promise of future cash receipts. Such sales are made on credit (“on account”), and Accounts receivable is the account that holds these amounts.
3. Notes Receivable: A business may sell goods or services and receive a note receivable, also called a promissory note. A note receivable is a written pledge that the customer will pay a fixed amount of money by a certain date.
4. Prepaid Expenses: A business often pays certain expenses, such as rent and insurance, in advance. A prepaid expense is an asset because the prepayment provides a future benefit. Prepaid rent, Prepaid insurance, and Office supplies are separate prepaid expense accounts.
5. Land: This account shows the cost of land a business holds for use in operations.
6. Building: The cost of buildings—an office or a warehouse—appears in this account.
7. Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures: A business has a separate asset account for each type of equipment—Computer equipment, Office equipment, and Store equipment, for example. The Furniture account shows the cost of this asset. Similarly, the Fixtures account shows the cost of light fixtures and shelving, for example.

11. Liabilities A debt (something owed): Accounts payable Notes payable
Accrued liabilities
Liabilities are debts owed to outsiders. Shown here are common liability accounts:
1. Accounts payable is the opposite of Accounts receivable. The promise to pay a debt arising from a credit purchase is an Account payable. Such a purchase is said to be made on account.
2. Notes payable is the opposite of Notes receivable. Notes payable represents debts the business owes because it signed promissory notes to borrow money or to purchase something.
3. An accrued liability is an expense for which the business knows the amount owed but the bill has not been paid. Taxes payable, Interest payable, and Salary payable are accrued liability accounts.

12. Owner's Equity Owner’s claim to the assets: Capital Drawing Revenues
Expenses
The owner’s claim to the assets of the business is called owner’s equity.
The capital account represents the net investment of the owner in the business. It holds the accumulation of owner’s investment, drawings and net income (loss) of the business over the life of the business.
The increase in equity created by delivering goods or services to customers is called revenue. The ledger contains as many revenue accounts as needed. If a company lends money to an outsider, it needs an Interest revenue account for the interest earned on the loan. If the business rents out a building to a tenant, it needs a Rent revenue account.
Expenses use up assets or create liabilities in the course of operating a business. Expenses have the opposite effect of revenues. Expenses decrease equity. A business needs a separate account for each type of expense, such as Salary expense, Rent expense, Advertising expense, and Utilities expense. Businesses strive to minimize their expenses in order to maximize net income.

13. Ledger Asset, Liability, and Owner’s Equity Accounts
The ledger is the book holding all the accounts with their balances. Each individual account has a “page” in the ledger.

14. Chart of Accounts List of all accounts used by a company
Companies use a chart of accounts to list all their accounts along with the account numbers. Account numbers are just shorthand versions of the account names. Account numbers usually have two or more digits. Assets are often numbered beginning with 1, liabilities with 2, equity with 3, revenues with 4, and expenses with 5. The second and third digits in an account number indicate where the account fits within the category.
The chart of accounts contains the list of account names you might use to record a transaction.

15. 2
Define debits, credits, and normal account balances and use double-entry accounting and T-accounts
Learning objective two is two-pronged. First, we will define debits, credits, and normal account balances. Then, we will use double entry accounting and T-accounts.

16. Double Entry System Record dual effects of each transaction
Each transaction has a:
Receiving side
Giving side
Examples:
Company purchases supplies (receiving) with cash (giving)
Company issues stock (giving) and receives cash (receiving)
Accounting uses the double-entry system, which means that we record the dual effects of each transaction. As a result, every transaction affects at least two accounts. It would be incomplete to record only the giving side, or only the receiving side, of a transaction. For example, a company purchases supplies (which represents receiving) and pays cash (which represents giving). Or, the company issues, or gives, stock and receives cash.

17. T-Account
Tool for analyzing and determining the balance in a given account
Account Name
(Left Side)
(Right Side)
A shortened form of the general ledger account is called the T-account because it takes the form of the capital letter T. The vertical line divides the account into its left and right sides, with the title at the top. The left side of the account is called the Debit (dr) side, and the right side is called the Credit (cr) side. The account category (asset, liability, equity) determines how to record increases and decreases. For any given account, increases are recorded on one side, and decreases are recorded on the opposite side. To become comfortable using these terms, remember the following: Debit = Left, Credit = Right.
The words debit and credit abbreviate the Latin terms debitum and creditum. Dr
Debit Cr
Credit

18. Increases and Decreases in Accounts
Whether an account is increased by debit or a credit is determined by the account type
Asset, liability, or equity
Debits are not good or bad
Neither are credits
Whether an account is increased or decreased by a debit or a credit depends on the type of account. Debits are not "good" or "bad." Neither are credits. Debits are not always increases or–neither are credits.
Remember, we create accounts as needed. The process of creating a new account is called opening the account.

19. Rules of Debit and Credit
The account category governs the increase side or decrease side
Increases are recorded on one side
Decreases are recorded on the opposite side
Rules of debits and credits
Assets are on the left side of the accounting equation, and debits are on the left side of a T-account. Therefore, assets are increased by debits.
Liabilities and equity are on the right side of the equation, and credits are on the right side of a T-Account. Therefore, liabilities and equity are increased by credits.

20. Illustrate Debits and Credits
The first transaction involves receiving $30,000 cash and issuing Capital
The second transaction is a $20,000 purchase of land for cash
To illustrate the idea of debits and credits, let us look at a transaction. The first transaction involves receiving $30,000 cash and issuing Bright, capital. The business’s assets and equity would increase by $30,000.
The second transaction is a $20,000 purchase of land for cash. Cash has a $10,000 debit balance from decreasing cash for the $20,000 and Land has a debit balance of $20,000, and Capital has a $30,000 credit balance. Both assets, cash and land are equal to the capital account.
The accounting equation must always balance after each transaction is recorded. To achieve this balance, we record transactions using a double entry accounting system. In that system, debits are on the left and credits are on the right. Debits ALWAYS equal credits.

21. S2-1: USING ACCOUNTING VOCABULARY
Match the accounting terms on the left with the corresponding definitions on the right.
_____Posting
_____ Receivable
_____ Debit
_____ Journal
_____ Expense
_____ Net Income
_____ Normal Balance
_____ Ledger
_____ Payable
_____ Equity
Using up assets in the course of operating a business
Book of accounts
An asset
Record of transactions
Left side of an account
Side of an account where increases are recorded
Copying data from the journal to the ledger
Always a liability
Revenues – Expenses =
Assets – Liabilities = G C E D A I F B H J
Short Exercise 2-1 involves defining specific accounting vocabulary.

22. S2-2: Explaining accounts and the rules of debit and credit
Margaret Alves is tutoring Timothy Johnson, who is taking introductory accounting. Margaret explains to Timothy that debits are used to record increases in accounts and credits record decreases. Timothy is confused and seeks your advice.
When are debits increases?
When are debits decreases?
2. When are credits increases?
When are credits decreases?
Debits are increases in the Assets, Drawing, and Expenses.
Debits are decreases in the Liabilities, Owner’s Equity, and Revenues.
Short Exercise 2-2 reviews accounts and the rules of debit and credit.
Credits are increases in the Liabilities, Owner’s Equity, and Revenues.
Credits are decreases in the Assets, Drawings, and Expenses.

23. List the steps of the transaction recording process3
List the steps of the transaction recording process
The third learning objective is to list the steps of the transaction recording process.

24. Steps in the Transaction Recording Process
Identify each account affected and its type
Determine if each account is increased or decreased
Record transaction in the journal
In practice, accountants record transactions in a journal. The journalizing process has three steps:
Identify each account affected and its type (Asset, Liability, or Stockholders’ equity).
Determine whether each account is increased or decreased. Use the rules of debit and credit.
3. Record the transaction in the journal, including a brief explanation. The debit side of the entry is entered first. Total debits should always equal total credits. This step is also called “making the journal entry” or “journalizing the transaction.”
These steps are the same whether done by computer or manually.
Use the rules of debit and credit

25. Illustrating a Journal Entry
Journalize the first transaction of Smart Touch—the receipt of $30,000 cash and issuance of Capital.
The accounts affected are Cash and Capital. Cash is an asset. Capital is equity.
Both accounts increase by $30,000. Assets increase with debits. Equity increases with credits.
Let’s journalize the first transaction of Smart Touch Learning—the receipt of $30,000 cash and issuance of Capital. The accounts affected by the receipt of cash and issuance of stock are Cash and Capital. Cash is an asset. Capital is equity. Both accounts increase by $30,000. Assets increase with debits. Therefore, we debit Cash because it is an asset. Equity increases in the business because Capital was issued. To increase equity, we credit. Therefore, we credit the Capital account.

26. Illustrating a Journal Entry (continued)
Four parts:
Date of transaction
Title of account debited with dollar amount
Title of account credited with dollar amount
Brief explanation of transaction
The journal entry includes four parts:
Date of the transaction
Title of the account debited, along with the dollar amount
Title of the account credited, along with the dollar amount
Brief explanation of the transaction
Dollar signs are omitted because it is understood that the amounts are in dollars.

27. General Journal Transaction date Accounts affected Journal Page 1 Date
Description
Debit
Credit
Apr 1
Cash
30,000
Bright, capital
Owner investment.
Here is an example of a journal entry. A company issues Capital for cash. Capital is an owner’s equity account. Equity accounts are increased by credits. Cash is an asset. Assets are increased by debits.
The date is indicated in the first column. The account debited is written first, “Cash” and the amount is placed in the left column. The Capital account is credited. Notice how the account title is indented. The amount is written in the right column. A brief explanation is written below the credit row.
Explanation of transaction
Dollar amounts of debits and credits

28. S2-5: JOURNALIZING TRANSACTIONS
Ned Brown opened a medical practice in San Diego, California.
1. Record the preceding transactions in the journal of Ned Brown, M.D., P.C. Include an explanation.
Jan 1
The business received $29,000 cash and issued common stock. 2
Purchased medical supplies on account, $14,000.
Paid monthly office rent of $2,600. 3
Recorded $8,000 revenue for service rendered to patients on account.
In Short Exercise 2-5, we post the journal entries from a previous exercise to T-accounts.

29. S2-5 : Journalizing transactions
Jan. 1: The business received $29,000 cash and issued common stock.
Cash received indicates cash increases.
Cash is an Asset, Assets increase with debits
Issued common stock, indicates equity is increasing
Increase equity with credits
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Jan. 1 - The business received $29,000 cash and issued common stock.
Cash received indicates cash increases.
Cash is an Asset, Assets increase with debits
Issued common stock, indicates equity is increasing
Increase equity with credits
Jan 1 Cash ,000
Brown, capital ,000
Issued stock.

30. S2-5: Journalizing transactions
Jan. 2: Purchased medical supplies on account, $14,000.
Medical Supplies, an asset, is increasing.
Assets increase with debits
On account, increases accounts payable, a liability
Increase liabilities with credits
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Jan. 2 - Purchased medical supplies on account, $14,000.
Medical Supplies, an asset, is increasing.
Assets increase with debits
On account, increases accounts payable, a liability
Increase liabilities with credits
Jan 1 Medical supplies ,000
Accounts payable ,000
Purchased supplies on account.

31. S2-5 : Journalizing transactions
Jan. 2: Paid monthly office rent of $2,600.
Paid rent, an expense, expense is increasing
Expenses increase with debits
Paid cash, cash is an asset.
Increase assets with debits
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Jan. 2 - Paid monthly office rent of $2,600.
Paid rent, an expense, expense is increasing
Expenses increase with debits
Paid cash, cash is an asset.
Increase assets with debits
Jan 2 Rent Expense ,600
Cash ,600
Paid office rent.

32. S2-5 : Journalizing transactions
Jan. 3: Recorded $8,000 revenue for service rendered to patients on account.
On account indicates Accounts receivable increase.
Accounts receivable is an Asset, Assets increase with debits
Rendered services, services are revenues, indicates revenues are increasing
Increase revenues with credits
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Jan. 3 - Recorded $8,000 revenue for service rendered to patients on account.
On account indicates Accounts receivable increase.
Accounts receivable is an Asset, Assets increase with debits
Rendered services, services are revenues, indicates revenues are increasing
Increase revenues with credits
Jan 1 Accounts receivable ,000
Service revenue ,000
Performed service on account.

33. Posting from the Journal to the Ledger
Copying amounts from the journal to the ledger
Journalizing a transaction records the data only in the journal—but not in the ledger. The data must also be copied to the ledger. The process of copying from the journal to the ledger is called posting.
Debits in the journal are posted as debits in the ledger and credits as credits—no exceptions.

34. Expanding Debit/Credit Rules to include Revenues and Expenses
As we have noted, revenues are increases in equity that result from providing goods or services for customers. Expenses are decreases in equity that result from using up assets or increasing liabilities in the course of operations. Revenues are earned. Expenses are incurred. Therefore, we must expand the accounting equation to include revenues and expenses. There are several elements of capital equity.

35. Complete Rules of Debit and Credit
We can now express the rules of debit and credit in complete form as shown. Note that the accounting equation now includes revenues and expenses.

36. Normal Balance of an Account
An account’s normal balance appears on the side—either debit or credit—where we record an increase (+) in the account’s balance.
To summarize the debit and credit rules, remember that the normal balance of assets, dividends, and expenses are debits. The normal balance of liabilities, retained earnings, Capital, and revenues are credits. The normal balance is also what increases the account.

37. Flow of Accounting Data from the Journal to the Ledger
A transaction occurs and is recorded on a source document. Then, we identify the account names affected by the transaction and determine whether the accounts increased or decreased using the rules of debit and credit for the six main account types. We then record in the journal, listing the debits first. Debits must equal credits. We then post all transactions to the ledger in the T-account.

38. Source Documents Origin of accounting transactions Examples:
Bank deposit tickets
Invoices
Checks
Stock certificates
Accounting data come from source documents. There are many different types of source documents in business. For example, the bank deposit ticket is the document that shows the amount of cash received by the business, and the stock certificate issued by the company shows the number of stock shares issued. When a business buys supplies on account, the vendor sends an invoice requesting payment. The purchase invoice is the source document that tells the business to pay the vendor.

39. Journalize and post sample transactions to the ledger4
Journalize and post sample transactions to the ledger
The fourth learning objective is to journalize and post sample transactions to the ledger.

40. Practice Journalizing: Transaction 1
Cash
Capital
30,000
30,000
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Cash
30,000
Bright, capital
Issued capital.
Transaction 1: Smart Touch received $30,000 cash on April 1 from Sheena Bright and issued capital to her. The business deposited the money in its bank account, as shown in the text in the following deposit ticket:
To post the transaction, the amounts are transferred to the appropriate T-account by debiting Cash for $30,000 and crediting Capital for $30,000.

41. Practice Journalizing and Posting: Transaction 2
Cash
Land
Capital
30,000
20,000
20,000
30,000
10,000
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Land
20,000
Cash
Bought land.
In Transaction 2, we see that on April 2, Smart Touch paid $20,000 cash for land. The purchase decreased cash. Therefore, we credit Cash. The asset–land–increased, so we debit the Land account.
This transaction is also posted to the appropriate T-accounts. Cash and Capital each have one transaction posted to their T-accounts. Therefore, that amount is their current balance. Now post the new transaction. Debit Land for $20,000 and credit Cash for $20,000.
To determine the balance of Cash, use the rules of debit and credit. Since Cash is an asset, the balance is calculated as +30,000 – 20,000 = 10,000. The balance in Cash after the two transactions is $10,000.

42. Practice Journalizing and Posting: Transaction 3
Cash
Cash
Office supplies
Accounts payable
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
500
500
10,000
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Office supplies
500
Accounts payable
Purchased supplies.
In Transaction 3, Smart Touch purchased $500 of office supplies on account on April 3, as shown on the purchase invoice provided in the text. On account means to charge it to an account and pay it later.
To post the transaction, the amounts are transferred to the appropriate T-account by debiting Office supplies for $500 and crediting Accounts payable for $500.

43. Practice Journalizing and Posting : Transaction 4
Cash
Cash
Service revenue
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
5,500
5,500
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Cash
5,500
Service revenue
Received payment on account.
In Transaction 4, we see that on April 8, Smart Touch collected cash of $5,500 for service revenue that the business earned by providing e-learning services for clients. The source document is Smart Touch’s sales invoice in the text. Debit cash for $5,500 and credit Service revenue $5,500. The rest of the transactions are found in the text.

44. The Ledger Accounts After Posting
The ledger accounts after posting all of the transactions is shown here and on Page 79 in the text.

45. S2-10: Preparing a trial balance
Oakland Floor Coverings reported the following summarized data at December 31, Accounts appear in no particular order.
Revenues
$34,000
Other liabilities
$18,000
Equipment
45,000
Cash
12,000
Accounts payable
2,000
Expenses
19,000
Oakland, capital
22,000
Short Exercise 2-10 reviews preparation of a trial balance.

46. S2-10 :Preparing a trial balance
Oakland Floor Coverings
Trial Balance
December 31, 2012
Cash
Equipment
Accounts payable
Other liabilities
Oakland, capital
Revenues
Expenses
$ 12,000
45,000
$ 2,000
18,000
22,000
34,000
19,000
$76, $76,000
The exercise continues on this slide.

47. S2-6: Journalizing transactions
Texas Sales Consultants completed the following transactions during the latter part of January:
Jan 22
Performed service for customers on account, $8,000. 30
Received cash on account from customers, $7,000. 31
Received a utility bill, $180, which will be paid during February.
Paid monthly salary to salesman, $2,000.
Paid advertising expense of $700.
Short Exercise 2-6 focuses on journalizing transactions.

48. S2-6: Journalizing transactions
Jan 22: Performed service for customers on account, $8,000
“On account” indicates Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable is an asset account
Increase an asset with a debit
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Service revenue
8,000
The exercise continues on this slide.
Jan 22 Accounts receivable ,000

49. S2-6: Journalizing transactions
Jan. 30:
Cash is received
Increase cash, an asset
Assets are increased by debits
The payment is “on account”
Decrease Accounts receivable with a credit
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Accounts receivable
7,000
Received payment on account.
The exercise continues.
Jan Cash 7,000

50. S2-6: Journalizing transactions
Jan. 31:
A utility bill is an expense
Expenses are increased by debits
The bill will be paid later–creating an account payable
Liabilities are increased by credits
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Received utility bill.
The exercise continues on this slide.
Jan Utilities expense
Accounts payable

51. S2-6: Journalizing transactions
Jan. 31:
Salaries to employees are an expense
Expenses are increased by debits
The salary was paid in cash
Cash, an asset, decreases, Assets are decreased by credits
Rent Expense is an expense account. Increase an expense with a debit
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Cash
2,000
Paid salaries.
The exercise continues.
Mar Salaries expense ,000

52. S2-6: Journalizing transactions
March 31:
Advertising is another expense
Cash is paid
GENERAL JOURNAL
DATE
DESCRIPTION
REF
DEBIT
CREDIT
Mar 31 Advertising expense
The exercise concludes on this slide.
Cash
Paid advertising.

53. Prepare the trial balance from the T-accounts5
Prepare the trial balance from the T-accounts
The fifth learning objective is to prepare the trial balance from the T-accounts.

54. Trial Balance Summary of the ledger
Lists all accounts with their balances
Accuracy check
Debits should equal credits
NOT a balance sheet
A trial balance summarizes the ledger by listing all the accounts with their balances—assets first, followed by liabilities, and then stockholders' equity. In a manual accounting system, the trial balance provides an accuracy check by showing whether total debits equal total credits. In all types of systems, the trial balance is a useful summary of the accounts and their balances because it shows the balances on a specific date for all accounts in a company's accounting system. Do not confuse the trial balance with the balance sheet. A trial balance is an internal document used only by company insiders. Outsiders see only the company’s financial statements, not the trial balance.

55. Trial Balance
Shown is the trial balance of Smart Touch at April 30, 2013, the end of the first month of operations, created from the balances calculated after all transactions have been posted. Notice the debit total equals the credit total.

56. Detecting Trial Balance Errors
Search for missing account
Divide the difference between total debits and total credits by two
Is there a debit/credit balance for this amount posted in the wrong column?
Divide out-of-balance amount by nine
Slide–Adding or dropping a zero ($100 instead of $1,000)
Transposition–Reversing two digits ($2,100 instead of $1,200)
Throughout the accounting process, total debits should always equal total credits. If they don't, there is an error. Errors can be detected by computing the difference between total debits and total credits on the trial balance. Then perform one or more of the following actions:
Search the trial balance for a missing account. Trace each account from the ledger to the trial balance, and you will locate the missing account.
Divide the difference between total debits and total credits by 2. A debit treated as a credit, or vice versa, doubles the amount of error. Suppose the accountant mistakenly posted a $500 credit as a debit. Total debits contain the $500, and total credits omit the $500. The out-of-balance amount is $1,000. Dividing the difference by 2 identifies the $500 amount of the transaction. Then search the trial balance for a $500 transaction and trace to the account affected.
Divide the out-of-balance amount by 9. If the result is evenly divisible by 9, the error may be a slide (example: writing $1,000 as $100 or writing $100 as $1,000) or a transposition (example: treating $1,200 as $2,100).
Total debits can equal total credits on the trial balance; however, there still could be errors in individual account balances because an incorrect account might have been selected in an individual journal entry.

57. Details of the Journal
The journal and the ledger provide details to create a “trail” through the records. The journal should always have the following parts—the date of the transaction, the accounts and the amounts debited and credited, and the posting reference. This indicates whether or not the entry has been posted to the ledger.
Posting means copying information from the journal to the ledger. This diagram shows the posting process.

58. Four-Column Account
The ledger accounts illustrated previously appear as T-accounts, with the debit on the left and the credit on the right. The T-account clearly separates debits from credits and is used for teaching, where there isn't much detail.
Another account format has four amount columns, as illustrated here. The first pair of Debit/Credit columns is for transaction amounts posted to the account from the journal, such as the $30,000 debit. The second pair of amount columns shows the balance of the account as of each date. For this reason, the four-column format is used more often in practice than the T-account. Cash has a debit balance of $30,000 after the first transaction and a $10,000 balance after the second transaction.

59. Chapter 2 Summary
Think of the account, journal, ledger (T-account), and chart as matching tools. Businesses are just matching the business transaction to the account description that best captures the specific event that occurred.
The accounting equation must always balance after each transaction is recorded. To achieve this balance, we record transactions using a double entry accounting system. In that system, debits are on the left and credits are on the right. Debits always equal credits.
Think of the account, journal, ledger (T-account), and chart as matching tools. Businesses are just matching the business transaction to the account description that best captures the specific event that occurred.
The accounting equation must always balance after each transaction is recorded. To achieve this balance, we record transactions using a double entry accounting system. In that system, debits are on the left and credits are on the right. Debits always equal credits.

60. Chapter 2 Summary
A transaction occurs and is recorded on a source document. Then, we identify the account names affected by the transaction and determine whether the accounts increased or decreased using the rules of debit and credit for the six main account types. Next, we record the transaction in the journal, listing the debits first. We then post all transactions to the ledger (T-account).
A transaction occurs and is recorded on a source document. Then, we identify the account names affected by the transaction and determine whether the accounts increased or decreased using the rules of debit and credit for the six main account types. Next, we record the transaction in the journal, listing the debits first. We then post all transactions to the ledger (T-account).

61. Chapter 2 Summary
Once the ledger (T-account) balances are calculated, the ending balance for each account is transferred to the trial balance. Recall that the trial balance is a listing of all accounts and their balances on a specific date. Total debits must always equal total credits on the trial balance. If they do not, then review the correcting trial balance errors section on Page 81 of the textbook.
Once the ledger (T-account) balances are calculated, the ending balance for each account is transferred to the trial balance. Recall that the trial balance is a listing of all accounts and their balances on a specific date. Total debits must always equal total credits on the trial balance. If they do not, then review the correcting trial balance errors section on Page 81 of the textbook.

62. Are there any questions?

63. Copyright
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