1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Characteristics and Treatment of Common Cardiac and Circulatory Disorders

2. Symptoms of Heart Disease
Arrythmia (dysrrhythmia)
Any change from normal heart rate or rhythm
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate (<60)
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate (>100)
Murmurs
Indicates some defects in the valves
Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral valve closes imperfectly

3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Narrowing of the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrient-filled blood to the heart muscle
Usually results from atherosclerosis (see figure 13-8 pg 273)
If it becomes completely blocked, myocardial infarction may occur
Angina is an important symptom
Angina pectoris: severe chest pain d/t lack of oxygen to the heart
Treat with nitroglycerine
Edema
Fluid in tissues, often caused by poor circulation

4. Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Heart attack
Caused by lack of blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium)
S/S: severe chest pain radiating to L shoulder, arm, neck, and jaw; nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea
Tx: bedrest, oxygen, medication
Morphine for pain
Anticoagulant therapy to prevent future clots from forming
Cardiotonic drugs slow and strengthen the heartbeat
Surgery may be necessary

5. Vascular Diseases Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis
Ballooning of an artery accompanied by thinning of artery wall and weakening of the vessel
Arteriosclerosis
Artery walls thicken d/t a loss of elasticity
Atherosclerosis
Dz where fatty deposits form on the walls of arteries and block circulation
SEE FIGURE pg 299

6. Vascular Diseases continued
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Silent killer – usually no symptoms
Leads to strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure
Higher in African Americans and post-menopausal women
Risk factors: smoking, overweight, stress, high fat diets, family history
Treatment: relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight loss, medication

7. More Vascular Diseases
Hypotension
Low blood pressure (systolic <100)
Embolism
Traveling blood clot
Varicose veins
Swollen, distended veins
Heredity or d/t poor posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age, and pregnancy

8. Diagnosis and Treatment
Electrocardiogram
Electrical tracing of the heart
Coronary bypass
Healthy vein from leg is removed and attached before and after the coronary obstruction, creating an alternate route for blood supply to the myocardium
AED
Automated external defibrillator
Defibrillation
Electrical shock to bring the heart back to a normal rhythm

9. Dx and Tx continued CPR Artificial pacemaker Angiogram
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Used in the presence of cardiac arrest
Artificial pacemaker
When the heart has conduction (electrical impulse) defect, demand pacemaker fires when heart rate drops below minimum, causes the heart to contract
Angiogram
X-ray of blood vessel using dye

10. DONE WITH NOTES NOW!