1. Rejuvenating Exhausted T Cells during Chronic Viral Infection
Taku Okazaki, Tasuku Honjo 
Cell 
Volume 124, Issue 3, Pages (February 2006)
DOI: /j.cell
Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Role of PD-1 in Multiple Immune Responses
Depicted is an antigen-presenting dendritic cell and a CD8 T cell. PD-1 is expressed on activated T, B, and myeloid cells. The PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells as well as on nonlymphoid parenchymal cells, whereas PD-L2 is expressed on activated macrophages and dendritic cells. Upon antigen stimulation by cells expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and a PD-1 ligand, the tyrosine-based switch motif of PD-1 is phosphorylated. This is followed by recruitment of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. SHP-2 dephosphorylates downstream effector molecules of the antigen receptor including Syk, ZAP70, and PI3K to inhibit the activation of lymphocytes. PD-1-dependent inhibition is involved in autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis), infection (by both viruses and parasites), allergy (asthma and delayed-type hypersensitivity), immune privilege (feto-maternal tolerance), antitumor immunity (including glioma, leukemia, and cancers of the kidney, esophagus, lung, and ovary), and transplantation immunity (in heart and islet transplants, and in graft-versus-host disease).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions