1. Algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS).
Algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). All arterial blood gas (ABG) parameters are expressed in mmHg. PA–a,O2: alveolar–arterial oxygen difference for the partial pressure of oxygen; CE-TTE: contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiogram; LT: liver transplant; MAA: 99mTc radiolabelled macro-aggregated albumin scan; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension. #: if doubt exists regarding an atrial septal defect, trans-oesophagseal echocardiography is recommended; ¶: pulmonary function tests and chest radiographs or computed tomography scans as appropriate; +: determination of orthodeoxia is recommended where available; §: MAA is also useful in the absence of lung disease to quantify the intrapulmonary shunt and for prognostication.
Mateo Porres-Aguilar et al. Eur Respir Rev 2012;21:
©2012 by European Respiratory Society