1. Evolution by Means of Natural Selection

2. Over a great period of time evolution can result in the formation of a new species.
This is called?
Speciation

3. Evolution only occurs when there is a change in ___________________________ within a population over time.
GENE FREQUENCY
1st generation of Beetle population
Many generations later of the same population

4. Mutation
A change in a DNA sequence, usually occurring because of errors in replication or repair. This is the ultimate source of genetic variation.

5. Migration
The chance of an individual moving to another population and sharing it’s genes there.

6. Genetic Drift
The drift over time of allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling effects forming successive generations.

7. Natural Selection
A process of evolution in which traits that result in better fitness of an individual survives to the next generation.

8. "One obstacle to understanding evolution is the common misconception that individual organisms evolve.
It is the population, not its individuals, that evolves, as some heritable variation becomes more common at the expense of others."

9. What influenced Darwin to develop the theory of evolution?
Fossil Record
Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution
Embryology
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Artificial Selection

10. What Do Modern Scientists use as evidence of evolution?
Similar Biochemistry
DNA
ATP
Hormones

11. Example: Large Scale: Cell phones over the last 20 years
Example: Large Scale: Cell phones over the last 20 years. Think of the starting phone as the car phone, then every new phone that led to the I-phone is a new generation (All different brands/species, to make the best phone).
Small Scale: Updates from phone to phone: antenna, screen size, touch screen, ect.

12. See how mario, link, and donkey kong have evolved
See how mario, link, and donkey kong have evolved. At first they started out as blocky objects and now they look more and more real.

13. differential reproduction and survival of individuals in a population
Natural Selection
DNA
genotype
RNA
Protein
Phenotype
differential reproduction and survival of individuals in a population
changes in anatomy
physiology, and/or
behavior
The Modern Understanding of Darwin’s Principles

14. Adaptations
Hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a certain set of environmental conditions.
Example: color patterns can be advantageous to an animal, making it inconspicuous to its predators

15. The Co-evolution of Predator and Prey
Consumption of one species (the prey) by another (the predator)
Natural selection shapes the body forms and behaviors of both predator and prey

16. Natural Selection, Predators, and Prey
Prey that can survive attacks from predators will reproduce and pass those traits down to their offspring.
Predator that can beat the competition for food will survive and reproduce, passing on their traits to their offspring

17. The predators with the best “hunting equipment” will survive and reproduce, passing on their good hunting traits

18. Acute Senses

21. The prey with the best way of avoiding predators will survive and reproduce, passing their traits to the next generation.
Predator and prey both evolve more efficient ways to interact. They adapt to each other.

22. Mimicry - the ability of some creatures to imitate others, either by sound or appearance for protective purposes

25. Camouflage - Protective coloring or another feature that conceals an animal and enables it to blend into its surroundings.

29. Chameleon
Chameleon

30. Stick Bug

31. Warning Coloration
Conspicuously recognizable markings of an animal that serve to warn potential predators of the nuisance or harm that would come from attacking or eating it. The bold patterns of skunks and the bright colors of poison arrow frogs are examples of warning coloration.

32. The Role of the Environment
When the environment changes, organisms are forced to adapt.
Hereditary characteristics help organisms survive and reproduce under a certain set of environmental conditions.
What are some examples of big environmental changes?

33. What Limits a Population?

34. Carrying Capacity – the number of individuals that an environment can support
Affected by predator prey relationships and the environment

37. Competition- When two or more organisms go after the same limited resources
In an environment resources that support a population are limited.
There is only so much food, space, water, and other essentials available to support the population
We call these resources that support a population but have the chance of running out, LIMITED RESOURCES

38. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST! Natural Selection
When populations grow, competition increases, as limited resources decrease.
Only those with better adaptations will survive, and the weak will struggle.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST! Natural Selection

39. Bear and Salmon

40. A = lag phase (very few organisms to begin with – reproduction is slow
B = acceleration phase
C = exponential phase
F = population crash due to limited resources

41. Predator Prey Relationships Balance Populations
Predator Prey relations are important to balance an ecosystem’s populations.
If prey populations increase what will happen to the predator population?
It will increase due to the larger amounts of food available.

42. You can see an obvious cycle, prey numbers go up followed by predator numbers going up, then prey drops, predators drop

44. If the deer population became out of control in Effingham, what could be done to control or balance the population?