1. Fifty years of cardiothoracic surgery through the looking glass and what the future holds 
Marko Turina, MD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 136, Issue 5, Pages (November 2008)
DOI: /j.jtcvs
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Working conditions in the early 1960s: single-channel oscilloscope, surface-induced hypothermia with a rubber blanket for atrial septal defect closure, and total body immersion for deep hypothermia in infants. ECG, Electrocardiogram.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute research support in the United States in the last 5 decades, in million dollars. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
World scientific output. With permission from von Bubnoff A. Asia squeezes Europe's lead in science. Nature. 2005;436:314.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions