1. Basal Ganglia
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basal ganglia

2. Neural centers for control of movements
Motor cortex
Basal ganglia
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Skeletal muscles
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basal ganglia

3. Basal Ganglia Placed deep beneath the cerebral cortex
Lateral to the dorsal thalamus
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basal ganglia

4. Basal Ganglia Form an important sub-cortical link between
Associative cerebral cortex
Motor cortex
Disorders result into severe disturbances
Muscle tone, posture and movement
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basal ganglia

5. Basal ganglia Caudate nucleus Putamen Thalamus Globus pallidus
Corticospinal fibres
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basal ganglia

6. Basal Ganglia Tail of Caudate Nucleus Caudate Nucleus Putamen,GP
Amygdala
Fibres to and from spinal cord
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basal ganglia

7. Basal Ganglia Composed of Caudate nucleus & putamen
Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus & putamen
Neostriatum
Putamen & globus pallidus
Lenticular nucleus
Others
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic nucleus (body of luys)
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basal ganglia

8. Cortex - + Ach - Striatum 5HT Thalamus Pallidus GABA Dopamine GABA
Glutamate +
Ach
Striatum -
5HT
Thalamus
Pallidus
GABA -
Dopamine
GABA
Sub Thalamic Nucleus
GABA
S.Nigra RF
Raphe Nucleus
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basal ganglia RF
To Spinal Cord

9. Functions of Basal Ganglia
Neurons in the basal ganglia
Like those in the lateral cerebella hemisphere
Discharge before movements begins
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basal ganglia

10. Functions of Basal Ganglia
The concept that
Basal ganglia are involved in
The planning and programming of movement
Involved in the process by which
Abstract thought
Converted into
Voluntary action
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basal ganglia

11. Functions of Basal Ganglia
Discharge via thalamus
To areas related to motor cortex
CST provide
Final common pathways to motor neurons
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basal ganglia

12. Functions of Basal Ganglia
The BG; Thalamus; Cerebellum and motor cortex
Are involved in planning and programming movements
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basal ganglia

13. Control of Voluntary Movements
Plan
Execute
Basal ganglia
Cortical association area
Premotor and motor cortex
Movement
Idea
Intermediate cerebellum
Lateral cerebellum
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basal ganglia

14. Functions of Basal Ganglia
BG forms
Accessory motor system
That function in close association with cerebral cortex
Receives input signals from cerebral cortex
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basal ganglia

15. Functions of Basal Ganglia
Returns almost all its output to the cortex
Important in the execution of patterns of motor activities
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basal ganglia

16. Functions of Basal Ganglia
It plays a role in
The cognitive control of sequences of movement
Cognition is the
Thinking process of the brain
Utilizing both sensory input
Stored information
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basal ganglia

17. Functions of Basal Ganglia
Motor action occurs
As a consequence of thought generated in mind
Caudate nucleus plays a major role in
The cognitive control of motor activity
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basal ganglia

18. Functions of Basal Ganglia
The caudate nucleus and putamen
Function together in association
With the motor cortex to control
Complex pattern of motor activities
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basal ganglia

19. Function of Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus & putamen
Initiate and regulate gross intentional movement of the body
Writing alphabets
Cutting paper with scissors
Hammering nails
Passing a football
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basal ganglia

20. Functions of Basal Ganglia
The globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus and brain stem
Help in the control of axial and girdle movements of the body
The basal ganglia provide the motor pattern
Necessary to maintain postural support required for motor commands to be executed
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basal ganglia