1. Managing Pain in the 21st Century

3. Overview of Chronic Pain in the United States

4. Rates of Chronic Pain Are Increasing for a Variety of Reasons

5. Mechanistic Characterization of Pain

6. Opioid Epidemic in the United States

7. Opioids for Chronic Low Back Pain Meta-Analysis

8. Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Meta-Analysis

9. Opioid vs Non-Opioid Analgesics SPACE Trial Design

10. Opioid vs Non-Opioid Analgesics SPACE Trial Results

11. CDC Guidelines for Opioid Prescribing

12. Opioids for Chronic Low Back Pain ACP Guidelines

13. Opioids for Chronic Pain Summary

14. Medication Options for Chronic Pain by Pain Type

15. Approach to Medications for Chronic Pain

16. Non-Opioid Options for Pain

17. Topical Therapies for Chronic Pain

18. Acetaminophen

19. Acetaminophen for Back Pain or OA

20. Oral NSAIDs

21. Considerations for Prescribing Oral NSAIDs

22. CV Risks With NSAIDs

23. Antidepressants for Chronic Pain Overview

24. Antidepressants for Chronic Pain by Class

25. SNRIs

26. Tramadol

27. Gabapentinoids

28. Muscle Relaxants/Antispasticity Agents

29. Evidence-Based Recommendations for Chronic Low Back Pain

30. Recommendations for Knee/Hip OA

31. Pain Management Team

32. Team-Based Approach to Chronic Pain Management

33. Concluding Remarks

34. Abbreviations

35. Abbreviations (cont)