1. KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.

2. Seedless nonvascular plants.
Grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients.
Rely on free-standing water for reproduction.
Phylum Hepatophyta = Liverworts
often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses

3. Phylum Anthocerophyta= Hornworts
found in tropical forests and along streams
flat, lobed body with little green “horns”

4. Phylum Bryophyta= Mosses
most common seedless nonvascular plants

5. Seedless vascular plants.
Grow higher off the ground.
Need free-standing water for reproduction.
Phylum Lycophyta= Club mosses
not true mosses
oldest living group of vascular plants

6. Phylum Pterophyta= Ferns and their relatives
frond
fiddlehead
ferns have large leaves called fronds

7. Cone-bearing plants and seed plants= Gymnosperms
Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors:
can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination
pollination occurs when pollen meets female plant parts
seeds nourish and protect plant embryo
seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

8. Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit.
most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen.
the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms.
pollen is produced in male cones.
eggs are produced in female cones.
seeds develop on scales of female cones.

9. Phylum Cycadophyta= Cycads
look like palm trees with large cones
grow in tropical areas

10. Phylum Ginkgophyta= Ginkgos
only one species alive today, Ginkgo biloba
grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping

11. Phylum Coniferophyta= Conifers
most common gymnosperms alive today
includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper

12. Flowering seed plants= Angiosperms
Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit.
A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.
A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower.
Phylum Anthophyta= Angiosperms/flowering plants