1. Biochemistry:
The Chemistry of Life
Text: Chapter 2

2. Element Element: Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom.
Examples: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

4. Elements in the Human Body
Most abundant element in our body
Oxygen – 65%
Carbon – 18.5%
Hydrogen – 9.5%
Nitrogen – 3.3%
All of these equal 96.3%. The other 4% are trace elements: Calcium (1.5), Phosphorous (1.0), Potassium (0.4), & others.
Water
Most abundant compound in our body

5. Subscript
A subscript is a small lowered number after a symbol for an element.
H2O– the 2 is lowered and considered
a subscript.
The 2 indicates how many atoms of the element are present in one molecule of that compound.

6. Chemical Compounds
Compound: A substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions.
Examples: H2O (water)
NaCl (Salt)
C6 H12 O6 (Sugar)

7. Chemical Compounds Compounds can be organic or inorganic.
Inorganic compounds are important to life, but organisms are MADE of organic cpds.
More on this later…
For our class, organic means that the cpd has C, some C-C bonds, and/or some C-H bonds

8. Chemical Formula 6 12 6 States how many atoms are in each molecule.
How many carbon atoms are in C6 H12 O6?
How many hydrogen atoms?
How many oxygen atoms?
Click for answers 6 12 6

9. Chemical Equations Let’s say I give you a chemical equation like—
CO2 + H2O → C6 H12 O6 + O2
What are the names of these compounds?
Where are the reactants and where are the products?
Which compounds are organic?
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Sugar/glucose
Oxygen
Click for answers
Click for answers

10. Which of the following is an element?
CatchIT Question #1
Which of the following is an element?
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Oxygen
Water

11. How many atoms are in: NH3
CatchIT Question #2
How many atoms are in: NH3 1 2 3 4

12. Which of the following are the reactants?
CatchIT Question #3
Which of the following are the reactants?
CH4 + 2 O CO2 + 2 H2O
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
CH4 + 2 H2O
None of the above

13. Notes on Water
Neutral
2. Polar – unevenly distributed charges (+H end) and (–O end)
Makes water molecules
act like a magnet with poles;
attracted to any
other polar molecules

14. Cohesion – same substances attracted
(water is attracted to water)
Adhesion – different substances attracted
(water is attracted to other polar substances)

15. water = universal solvent
5. Mixtures with water
– not always pure
Solutions – all parts evenly distributed;
Aka - homogeneous mixture
solute,
solvent
water = universal solvent

16. water = universal solvent
Solvent-Solute
Solvent means able to dissolve, or a dissolving agent. WATER is a SOLVENT—
Solute is what is to be dissolved.
Sugar and salt are solutes:
They dissolve in water.
water = universal solvent

17. Heterogeneous Mixture–
mixture of water + substances that do not dissolve in water
-aka: colloids & suspensions
-examples: milk, oil & vinegar salad dressing, muddy stream water

18. 6. Dissociates to form ions
H2O  H+ + OH-
** notice there’s one of each… balanced!
When certain solutes dissolve in water, the ion concentration of H+ or OH- can change dramatically.

19. pH scale – concentration of H+ in solution
1 = acid
7 = neutral
14 = base,
acidic: [H+]>[OH-]
basic: [OH-]>[H+ ]

20. pH Scale The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is.
It ranges from 0 to 14
A pH of 7 is neutral
A pH less than 7 is acidic
A pH greater than 7 is basic

21. pH Scale 14 = Basic 7 = Neutral 0 = Acidic
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
7 = Neutral
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato juice
Increasingly Acidic
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
0 = Acidic

22. Acids FYI: Acids taste sour
Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin
Examples are: Vinegar, stomach acid, and citrus fruits

23. Bases FYI: Solutions containing bases are often called alkaline.
Bases taste bitter
Bases feel slippery
Strong bases are very dangerous and can burn your skin
Examples: Lye and ammonia

24. 6.2 is correct! pH Question --FYI
An ecologist is testing rainwater. She tests rainwater on the south side of town and finds that the pH is Then she tests the north side of town and finds that the pH is Which is more acidic?
Click for answer
6.2 is correct!

25. CatchIT Question #4 Water Sugar Vinegar Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a solute?
Water
Sugar
Vinegar
Carbon dioxide

26. Which of the following has the most basic pH?
CatchIT Question #5
Which of the following has the most basic pH? 7
7.1
7.5 8

27. CatchIT Question #6
3.1 pH is:
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
None of the above

28. CatchIT Question #7 Neutral Basic Acidic All of the above
Gastric protease works best in which type of pH?
Neutral
Basic
Acidic
All of the above

29. CatchIT Question #8 Water Sugar Vinegar Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a solvent?
Water
Sugar
Vinegar
Carbon dioxide

30. Notes on Biochemistry Chemical Compounds
Compounds can be organic or inorganic.
For our class, organic means has C, some C-C bonds, some C-H bonds
Organic compounds are based on the element carbon:
Called building block of life

31. Chemical Compounds Carbon (continued): Can form 4 stable bonds
Makes a variety of compound structures—
Straight chains
Branched chains
Rings
Can make large or small compounds

32. Chemical Compounds Carbon (continued):
Large organic molecules are made of repeating subunits. (links in a chain)
Subunits = monomers
Complete molecule = polymers

33. Polymerization
giant molecules formed by joining small molecules (monomers) to form one large molecule (polymer) = polymerization

34. synthesis = put together
Polymerization
monomer + monomer
polymer + water
dehydration synthesis –
water is removed in order to join
de = remove from
synthesis = put together
hydra = water

35. hydrolysis – water is put in to split
monomer + monomer
polymer + water
hydrolysis – water is put in to split
hydr- = water
lysis = breakdown

36. 4 groups of macromolecules
4 groups of polymers
4 groups of organic compounds
4 groups of macromolecules
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

37. Macromolecule Concept Map
YES,
draw this!
Macromolecule Concept Map
4 Types of Carbon
Compounds
Contain the elements
built with
built with
built with
built with
Function in
Function in
Function in
Function in
What does Macro Mean?

38. Carbohydrates contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio main source of energy
for immediate energy – breakdown sugars
stored sugars – starches (complex carbohydrates, aka polysaccharides)

39. 1. monosaccharides – simple sugars
mono = one
sacchar = sugar
a. glucose (blood sugar)
C6H12O6
b. fructose (fruit sugar)
(isomers)
c. galactose

40. isomers – same empirical formula but different structures
fructose
C6H12O6
glucose
C6H12O6

41. 2. disaccharides – double sugars di = two
double sugar + water
simple sugar + simple sugar
a. sucrose (table sugar)
b. lactose (milk sugar)
C12H22O11
c. maltose (malt sugar)

42. “n” is the number of sugars in the polysaccharide
3. polysaccharides – complex sugars
poly = many
(C6H10O5)n
“n” is the number of sugars in the polysaccharide

43. a. starches – storage products of plants
b. glycogen – “animal starch” is released from muscles for muscle contraction and from the liver when glucose levels in blood is low

44. c. cellulose – in cell walls of plants
serves as roughage (fiber)
stimulates peristalsis and aids in intestinal elimination

45. Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Macromolecule Concept Map
4 Types of Carbon
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
C, H, O in 1:2:1
built with
built with
built with
built with
Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Function in
Function in
Function in
Function in
Quick energy for cells
What does Macro Mean?

46. Lipids contain C, H, O in a different ratio– way more C & H than O
stores energy efficiently (large number of C to H bonds)
2x as many calories when
compared to carbohydrates
2x as much energy as carbohydrates

47. make up biological membranes, and waterproof coverings
common lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
Building blocks of lipids:
glycerol and fatty acids
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
fat + 3 waters

48. = solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids = all single C to C bonds
= solid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids = some double bonds
= liquid at room temperature

49. What does Macro Mean? Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Macromolecule Concept Map
4 Types of Carbon
Compounds
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
C, H, O in 1:2:1
1-C: 2-H :1-O
C, H, a little O
built with
built with
built with
built with
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Function in
Function in
Function in
Function in
Quick energy for cells
long term energy & water proofs
What does Macro Mean?

50. Nucleic Acids
contain C, H, O, N, P
control the synthesis of proteins
store and transmit genetic information
monomers are nucleotides

51. Nucleic Acids Continued
Nucleotides consist of three smaller parts:
a) 5-carbon sugar,
b) phosphate group
c) nitrogen base.
The repeating nucleotides create a polymer.

52. DNA – Deoxyribo- Nucleic Acid RNA – Ribo- Nucleic Acid
2 kinds of nucleic acids
DNA – Deoxyribo- Nucleic Acid
RNA – Ribo- Nucleic Acid

53. CatchIT Question #9 Carbohydrate Lipid Amino acid Nucleic acid
Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Amino acid
Nucleic acid

54. CatchIT Question #10 Sugar Potatoes Bread Meat
Which of the following foods is NOT an example of a carbohydrate?
Sugar
Potatoes
Bread
Meat

55. CatchIT Question #11 Nucleic acid Lipid Protein Carbohydrate
Genetic material is made with this macromolecule:
Nucleic acid
Lipid
Protein
Carbohydrate

56. CatchIT Question #12 a. Glucose b. Sucrose c. Lactose d. Pepsin
Which of the following is NOT a sugar?
a. Glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Lactose
d. Pepsin

57. What does Macro Mean? Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Macromolecule Concept Map
4 Types of Carbon
Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
C, H, O in 1:2:1
1-C: 2-H :1-O
C, H, a little O
C, H, O, N, P
built with
built with
built with
built with
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
nucleotides
Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Function in
Function in
Function in
Function in
Genes/
Heredity
Quick energy for cells
long term energy & water proofs
What does Macro Mean?

58. Proteins contain C, H, O, N & sometimes S
control rates of reactions, regulate cell processes
Building blocks – amino acids
20 different amino acids

59. control rates of reactions, regulate cell processes
Proteins
20 different amino acids
control rates of reactions, regulate cell processes
provide structure and support

60. Bonds that hold proteins together are called peptide bonds
Two amino acids bonding - dipeptide
More than two amino acids bonding - polypeptide

61. The structure of amino acids:
H2N–C –C–OH
H O

62. The structure of amino acids:
H2N--C--C--OH
H O R
= variable group
(different for each of the 20 a.a.’s) R
H2N--C--C--OH
H O
COOH =
carboxyl group
NH2 = amino group

63. Peptide bond forms between C & N
How amino acids link: R R
H OH
Peptide bond forms between C & N
H2N--C--C--OH
HHN--C--C--OH
H O
H O
H is removed from one a.a. and & OH is removed from another a.a. 
H2O . . .
polymerization!

64. Example of Polymerization
amino acid + amino acid + many more
protein + water
Also called “dehydration synthesis” because you remove water to make the large molecule

65. How amino acids break apart:
H-OH R R
Peptide bond is between C & N
/OH
H2N--C--C---- H
HN--C--C--OH
H O
H O
Water is present in the cell
H is added to one a.a. and & OH is added to the other a.a. 
hydrolysis!

66. Using water to cut open a big molecule, making smaller ones
Hydrolysis
Using water to cut open a big molecule, making smaller ones
polypeptide + water  amino acid + amino acid

67. Enzymes, a subclass of Proteins
HUH?
proteins that act as catalysts to speed up or slow down chemical reactions that take place in cells

68. Enzymes, a subclass of Proteins
Activation Energy: The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reactions.

69. Enzymes, a subclass of Proteins
A catalyst is a general term for any substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a certain chemical reaction. * Catalysts allow chemical reactions to take place that otherwise could not OR they allow them to happen thousands of times faster.

70. Enzymes, a subclass of Proteins
are biological catalysts
lower the activation energy of life’s chemical reactions like…
very specific – may act on only one kind of chemical reaction (Lock and Key Hypothesis)

71. Enzymes, a subclass of Proteins
active site – where enzyme and substrate fit together
substrate – material acted upon
YES,
draw this!
Enzymes, a subclass of Proteins

72. Proteins: Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. * Enzymes are made of proteins. Example: Amylase found in saliva. Amylase speeds up the breakdown of amylose, a substance in starch (in foods). * Most enzymes are specific to 1 reaction

73. Proteins: How enzymes work
Substrate: The reactants that bind to the enzyme. Active Site: The specific location where a substance binds to an enzyme. * The active site and the substrate have complementary shapes (“Lock & Key”)
Click on picture to see an animation!

74. Proteins: How enzymes work
Only substrates with the same size and shape as the active site will bind to the enzyme (like puzzle pieces).
pH and temperature mainly affect enzyme activity.
Click on picture for link

75. Structure & support/ ENZYMES
Lets fill in the chart!
Macromolecule Concept Map
4 Types of Carbon
Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
Contain the elements
C, H, O in 1:2:1
1-C: 2-H :1-O
C, H, a little O
C, H, O, N, P
C, H, O, N, S
built with
built with
built with
built with
Amino acids
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
nucleotides
Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Function in
Function in
Function in
Function in
Structure & support/ ENZYMES
Genes/
Heredity
Quick energy for cells
long term energy & water proofs
What does Macro Mean?

76. CatchIT Question #13 a. Lipids b. Carbohydrate c. Proteins
Enzymes are which type of macromolecule?
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrate
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids

77. CatchIT Question #14 a. Nothing b. Slows it down c. Speeds it up
What do enzymes do during a reaction?
a. Nothing
b. Slows it down
c. Speeds it up
d. Burns it up

78. CatchIT Question #15 a. Water & temperature b. Temperature & pH
What two conditions change how enzymes work?
a. Water & temperature
b. Temperature & pH
c. Solid & gas
d. None of the above

79. The End