1. 한국잠수응급구난망 www.denkorea.co.kr 김 희 덕
History of Diving
한국잠수응급구난망
김 희 덕

2. Introduction

3. Purpose
- general history of the development
of military diving operations
Scope
- outlines the hard work and dedication
of a number of individuals who were
pioneers in the development of diving
technology

4. Role of the ROKN - Ship maintenance, search,
- UDT / Seal
- Ship maintenance, search,
- Rescue & salvage operation
- Inspection & reparing naval vessels
- Underwater construction
- Location & recovering downed aircraft

5. Surface-Supplied Air Diving
표면공급 공기잠수

6. Introduction - Scyllis · Perscian King, Xerxes에 의해 고용됨 · B.C. 15C
· recover sunken treasure
- Alexander the Great
· B.C. 332
· remove obstacles in the Lebanon harbor

7. Breathing Tubes

8. Breathing Bag

9. Diving Bells (잠수 종) 15c ~18c For hours rather than minutes
Bell-shaped apparatus with the bottom
open to the sea

10. 1690, Edmund Halley
- 60 ft, 4 divers, 1.5 hours
 4 hours, 66ft

11. Diving Dress Design
1. Lethbridge’s Diving Dress

12. 2. Deane’s Patented Diving Dress
- protection from the cold
- helmet with view port
- hose connections for surface supplied air
3. Siebe’s Improved Diving Dress
- sealed the helmet to the dress at the collar
- water proof suit
- exhaust valve
· MK V standard deep-sea diving dress

15. Caissons
- Engineering technology

16. Physiological Discoveries 생리학적 발견
1. Caisson Disease (Decompression sickness)
 감압병
- dizzy spell (일시적인 현기증)
- Breathing difficulties ( 호흡곤란)
- Sharp pain in the joint or abdomen
(관절통 혹은 복통)
- “bends”

17. 1-1. Causes of DCS
- 1878
- Paul Bert (French physiologist)
- nitrogen into solution in the blood & tissues of
the body (under pressure)
- gas bubbles throughout the body (pressure released)
- symptom
1-2. Prevention & Treatment of DCS
- slowly return
- recompression chamber (1879)

18. 2. Inadequate Ventilation
- J. S Haldene (English physiologist)
- CO2 accumulation  inadequate ventilation
- standard supply rate of flow  1.5 fpm
- pumps
3. Nitrogen Narcosis (질소마취)
- 150 ft
- euphoric & losing judgment
- anesthetic properties
- Heliox

19. Armored Diving Suits
Atmospheric Diving Suit
(ADS) = 대기압 잠수복
 2000 ft

20. MK V Deep-sea Diving Dress

21. 1905, MK V Diving Helmet
1916, Communication system
Regulating valve
Relief valve
Exhaust valve (1927)
1927, Deep sea dress & umbilical
MK 12
MK 21

22. Scuba Diving

23. S C U B A SCUBA : Self – Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Open – Circuit Scuba
Closed – Circuit Scuba
Semiclosed – Circuit Scuba

24. Open-circuit Scuba Rouquayrol’s Demand Regulator
LePrieur’s Open-Circuit Scuba Design
Cousteau ND Gagnan’s Aqua-Lung
Impact of Scuba on Diving

25. Closed-Circuit Scuba Fleuss’ Closed-Circuit Scuba
Modern Closed-Circuit System

26. Hazards of Using Oxygen in Scuba
산소독성
1878, Paul Bert
VENTIDC (CNS toxicity)
Pulmonary toxicity

27. Mixed – Gas Diving

28. Introduction Breathing medium, consist of - - N2 & O2 proportions
- mixture of other inert gas (helium) with oxygen
Special training, detailed planning, specialized & advanced equipment, extensive surface support personnel & facilities
Qualified diver
Two Categories
- Nonsaturation diving without pressurized bell
(max. 300ft)
- saturation diving (150 fsw이상, extended bottom time)

29. Non-saturation Diving
1. Helium-Oxygen (Heliox) Diving
- Physiological effects
· high thermal conductivity of helium
· high – pitched distortion or “Donald Duck” effect
- MK V MOD 1 helmet
2. Hydrogen – Oxygen Diving
- explosive character
- 산소농도가 4% 이하면 폭발성이 없다
3. Modern surface – supplied Mixed – gas diving

30. Diving Bells 1. SDC(submersible decompression chamber)
- 2 men, steel, 2 opening hatches,
- ventilate, gas & communication supply
DDC(deck decompression chamber)
- mate DDC-SDC
- additional space, bunk, food & clothing
3. Saturation Diving
- DDS(deep diving system)

31. Saturation Diving Extend actual working time at depth
Submarine rescue & salvage,
sea bed implantments, construction
scientific testing & observation
Extensive bottom time

32. Saturation Diving-1 1. Advantage
- decompression is the most time consuming factor
- 동일한 압력(수심)에 포화된 우리 인체는 해저체류
(잠수)시간에 관계없이 감압시간이 일정하다.
- 200 fsw, 40 hrs
 5 days at bottom pressure
2 days in decompression

33. Saturation Diving-2 2. Bond’s Saturation Theory
- 1957, NS Navy Diving Medical Officer
Captain George F. Bond
- The tissues of the body would eventually become
saturated with inert gas if exposure time was long
enough
3. Genesis Project
- theory of saturation diving
- animal & human experiments

34. Saturation Diving-3 4. Developmental Testing
- 1st practical open-sea demonstration Sep. 1962
by Edward A. Link & Capt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau
- one man, He-O2 at 200fsw for 24hrs (Link)
- two men, habitat, 33fsw for 169hrs (Cousteau)
- Six men, N2-O2, 35fsw for 7 days (Cousteau)
- 1964, Link & Lambertsen, 2-days, 2 men at 430fsw
- seven men, 30 days at 36fsw & 90fsw with
excursion dives to 330fsw

35. Saturation Diving-4 5. Sealab Program 1) Sealabs I and II
DEC. habitat
2) Sealab III
- 600fsw, habitat, NEDU,
28 He-Ox, 825fsw( )
fsw, Sat depth
 1,025fsw excursion diving(NEDU)
- 31 ATA에서 작업가능하다는 것 증명

36. Deep Diving Systems(DDS)
Consist of
- DDC(Deck decompression chamber)
- PTC(Personal Transfer Capsule)

38. Submarine Salvage
&
Rescue

39. USS F-4 1915, Honolulu, 21 crews died Lifting pontoons
304 fsw, air as breathing mixture
Bottom time-10minutes
Nitrogen narcosis
Physiological problems
– new breathing medium
US diving manual

40. USS S-51 1925. 132fsw, Block Island, Rhode Island
1927. Diving & Salvage School
Experimental Diving Unit(NEDU)
 US Navy Air Decompression Tables
Diving ability 증강하는 요인으로 작용

41. USS S-4 1927. Coast guard와 충돌 102fsw, 22시간후에 외부접촉 모두 사망(공기공급, 폭풍)
LT C.B. Momsen escape lung 발명
: 장교가 실험하여 성공

42. USS Squalus Mc Cann-Erickson Rescue chamber
명중 33명을 243fsw에서 구출
1st salvage operation with He-Ox

43. USS Thresher 핵 잠수함 8,400fsw, 전 승조원 사망 최초로 사고조사 위원회를 구성해서 침몰원인규명
- Deep Submergence Rewiew Group (DSRG) 구성
하여 Deep Submergence Systems Project
 전 미해군내에 잠수 및 수중 활동에 관심 촉발
1972. DSRV (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle)
fsw 까지 diving 가능
fsw 까지 rescue 가능

44. Salvage Diving
(Salvage Operation)

45. History 1. 2차 세계대전 2. 월남전 3. 우리해군의 Salvage operation - 북한 반 잠수정 인양
- 150msw, saturation (He – O2) Diving

46. Open Sea Diving Records

47. History of Open Sea Diving Records
1915, USN 304fsw MK V dress
1972, MK2 MOD O DDS, 1,010fsw
1975, MK1 DDS, 1,148fsw
1977, French Dive Team, 1,643fsw
1981, British divers, The deepest salvage operation 803fsw, 금괴
1999, 2~3. ROKN, The 1st Salvage operation with
Saturation Diving, 150msw(500fsw)
현재, 300fsw (1000fsw)이상 가능

48. Summary