2. VARIATION OF VELOCITY WITH LITHOLOGY
VELOCITY (KFT/SEC)
AIR
METHANE
PETROLEUM
WATER
MUD
SHALES
SANDSTONE
LIMESTONE
SALT
DOLOMITE
GYPSUM

3. TYPICAL MATRIX AND FLUID DENSITIES
MATRIX DENSITY ma (gm/cm3)
SAND (PURE QUARTZ GRAINS)
LIMESTONE, PURE
DOLOMITE, PURE
AVERAGE FOR CARBONATES
GYPSUM
ANHYDRITE
SALT
SHALE
2.65
2.71
2.85
2.80
2.32
2.96
FLUID DENSITY f (gm/cm3)
BRAIN (DEPENDENT ON SALINITY)
CRUDE OIL
METHANE (10C mm Hg)
0.0007

4. CRITICAL ANGLE FOR REFRACTION V1 V2
SIN  = V1 / V2 , SIN (90) = V1 / V2
WHERE :  = CRITICAL ANGLE

5. RAY PATH FOR A REFRACTION V1 V2
SOURCE RECEIVE

6. REFLECTED WAVE V
 X
 Z l X t
DIRECT WAVE

7. MULTIPLY REFLECTED WAVE
 X V
 Z l X t
DIRECT WAVE
REFLECTED WAVE

8. REFRACTED WAVE L1 L3 L2 V1  X  Z X REFLECTED WAVE
WHERE l1 = DISTANCE IN LAYER 1
l2 = DISTANCE IN LAYER 2 t

9. NORMAL-INCIDENCE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS
DENSITY r1
VELOCITY V 1
DENSITY r 2
VELOCITY V2
WHERE: r1 = DENSITY OF LAYER 1
V1 = VELOCITY OF LAYER 1
r 2 = DENSITY OF LAYER 2
V2 = VELOCITY OF LAYER 2