1. Rulers and Revolutions
SOL WHII.6

2. Scientific Revolution

3. With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the scientific revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.

4. The scientific revolution promoted the following ideas:
Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
Formulation of the scientific method
Expansion of scientific knowledge

5. Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish
Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish
Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory which stated the earth went around the sun.
Sun

6. Johannes Kepler – German
Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
Johannes Kepler – German
Kepler developed the laws of planetary motion. He used math to prove that the planets move around the sun.

7. Galileo Galilei – Italian
Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei – Italian
Galileo used a telescope to prove that Copernicus was right and the earth did circle the sun. The Catholic Church declared him a heretic.

8. Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton – English
Newton discovered the laws of gravity.

9. William Harvey – English
Pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
William Harvey – English
Harvey discovered that blood circulates through the body.
Circulatory System

10. Age of Absolutism

11. The Age of Absolutism takes its name from a series of European monarchs who increased the power of their central governments. This meant there was a centralization of power.

12. Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right
Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right. This is the belief that monarchs get their power and their right to rule directly from God, therefore, they could have absolute power.
From God
Power to rule

13. Louis XIV
Louis XIV was the absolute monarch of France. He brought culture to France and built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power. He also abolished the Edict of Nantes which had given the French Huguenots religious freedom.
Known as the
Sun King

14. Frederick the Great
Frederick the Great was the absolute ruler of Prussia. His emphasis was on military power. Under his rule, Prussia became a military power.
Military Power

15. Peter the Great
Peter the Great was the absolute ruler of Russia. He was responsible for the westernization of Russia. Under his rule, Russia became more like Western Europe. He even made men in Russia shave their beards!

16. English Civil War
Glorious Revolution

17. Political democracy rests on the principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed.

18. The foundations of English freedoms included the jury trial, the Magna Carta, and common law. The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution prompted further development of the rights of Englishmen.

19. Charles I was later beheaded!
Charles I was an English King who tried to rule England as an absolute monarch. This made Parliament very mad because he infringed on people’s rights.
Charles I was later beheaded!

20. Oliver Cromwell was a military leader of Parliamentary forces
Oliver Cromwell was a military leader of Parliamentary forces. He led his forces against Charles I. In 1649, he had Charles I beheaded. For the next 10 years, Cromwell ruled England as a dictator.
Military leader that took control and ruled for 10 years – after beheading Charles I!

21. Charles II restored to power
After Cromwell’s death, Charles II was restored as the English King and ruled for 25 years. His successor, James II angered Parliament. Remembering Charles I’s fate and fearing for his life, James II flees to France.
Charles II restored to power
James II fled to France

22. In the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary are invited to become England’s new rulers. They take the throne in a bloodless revolution.

23. After William and Mary become the rulers of England, there is an increase in parliamentary power over royal power.
Parliamentary Power
OVER
Royal Power

24. During this period of time, there is the development of political parties and factions. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 is approved by Parliament. This is a major step toward the rights of the people.

25. Enlightenment

26. Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application of scientific knowledge and reason to issues of law and government.

27. The Enlightenment:
Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world
Stimulated religious tolerance
Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

28. Enlightenment Thinkers
Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan Hobbes believed that the state must have central authority to be able to manage behavior.

29. Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke Two Treatises on Government Locke stated that people are sovereign and that monarchs are not chosen by God.

30. Enlightenment Thinkers
Montesquieu – The Spirit of Laws Montesquieu stated that the bet form of government includes a separation of powers.

31. Enlightenment Thinkers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Rousseau felt that government is a contract between rulers and the people.

32. Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire Voltaire felt religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism and there should be separation of church and state.

33. Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.

34. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas. Also, the Constitution of the United States of America and the Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment philosophy.

35. Revolution

36. The ideas of the Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution influenced the French people to view their government in new ways.

37. When representatives to the French Estates General declared they would meet until they had prepared a constitution. In response, Louis XVI moved troops into Paris.

38. The people feared that Louis XVI would drive out the National Assembly
The people feared that Louis XVI would drive out the National Assembly. Their response was to storm the Bastille prison and destroy it. The Bastille prison had long been a symbol of royal oppression.

39. After the Third Estate liberals took over the French government, they began executing anyone who disagreed with them. This included Marie- Antoinette. This was a period known as the Reign of Terror.

40. One of the outcomes of the French Revolution was the end of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI.
Execution of Louis XVI

41. The Revolution also provided an opportunity for able military leaders
The Revolution also provided an opportunity for able military leaders. Napoleon Bonaparte began his rise to power after he stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory.

42. The ideas and examples of the American and French Revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations.

43. French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies in the Americas gained their independence.

44. Touissaint L’Ouverture
In Haiti, Touissaint L’Ouverture, a former slave, started a revolt against the French . The rebel Haitians defeated the French and in 1804 Haiti proclaimed its independence.

45. Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar was called the “Liberator.” He devoted his life to the freedom for Latin America from Spain. He helped several countries in South America gain independence.
The Liberator

46. The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on order and balance in the arts as artists borrowed heavily from classical Greece and Rome, and new forms of literature were established.

47. Representative artists, philosophers, and writers
Composers – Johann Sebastian Bach
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Painter – Eugene Delacroix
Philosopher – Voltaire
Novelist – Miguel Cervantes (The novel was a new form of literature that had evolved during this period.)

48. “Liberty Leading the People”
Art during this period took on a new form. Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and portraits of living people.
Delacroix’s painting
“Liberty Leading the People”

49. The Age of Reason witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation.

50. All-weather roads improved year round transport and trade.

51. In the agricultural revolution, new designs in farm tools increased productivity.

52. Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

53. Test Yourself

54. 1. Identify the discovery each person is associated with.
Used telescope to show earth goes around sun
Harvey
Planetary motion
Newton
Gravity and motion
Capernicus
Circulation of blood in the body
Kepler
Galileo
Heliocentric theory

55. 2. What is the heliocentric theory?
The earth revolves around the sun.
What happened to Galileo when he supported the heliocentric theory?
The Catholic Church put him on trial.

56. 3. Who first stated the heliocentric theory?
Copernicus
Who discovered planetary motion?
Kepler

57. 4. How did Peter the Great attempt to change Russia?
He tried to westernize Russia.

58. 5. Who was known as the Sun King?
Louis XIV
What did he build?
Palace of Versailles

59. What happened to Charles I?
6. What monarch did Oliver Cromwell defeat at the direction of Parliament?
Charles I
What happened to Charles I?
He was beheaded.

60. 6. Why was the Glorious Revolution significant?
Parliament selected the monarch then limited the power of the monarch.
Who became the monarch as a result of the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary

61. 7. Match the Enlightened thinker with his philosophy.
Voltaire
Separation of powers
Social contract between rulers and people
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Separation of church and state

62. 8. How did Hobbes and Locke differ in their thinking?
Hobbes believed in a strong central government. Locke believed in the natural rights of people.

63. 9. Name three things the Enlightenment thinkers influenced.
The American Revolution
The French Revolution
The Declaration of Independence

64. 11. Where did Toussaint L’Ouverture lead a revolution?
Haiti
Against what country?
France

65. 12. Who is the “Liberator?” Simon Bolivar Where did he lead a revolt?
Throughout South America against Spain

66. 13. How did the people respond when Louis XVI tried to prevent the writing of the Constitution?
The storming of the Bastille

67. 15. How did the French Revolution end?
Napoleon Bonaparte came into power as a dictator

68. 16. What was new about Don Quixote?
It was a novel.
Who wrote it?
Miquel Cervantes