1. APHG FRQs
Potential for

2. Unit 1: Geography Basics
None specific to Unit 1
Potential Topics?
Scale
Technology/Geographic tools/data collection
Map projections
Types of regions/use of regions/regionalization
Distance decay/friction of distance
Gravity model (role in services, cities, migration, cultural diffusion)
Cultural ecology
Cultural landscape
Maps – types, basics
Spatial analysis/perspective
Geography as a field of study

3. Unit 2: Population & Migration
Last in 2017 (NIR in Sub-Saharan Africa)
Potential Topics?
Illegal immigration
Epidemiology/disease
Demographic Transition – factors influencing stages; historical growth & decline
Density/types/meaning/impact
Relationship of population to provision of services (health, school, infrastructure, housing, utilities, etc.)
Push/Pull factors
Regional migration within U.S. (westward expansion, north to south/west, Great Migration of African Americans)
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Population policies (pronatalist, one-child, anti-natalist, etc.)
Population clusters vs. sparsely inhabited regions
Migration policies (increase, restrict, etc.)

4. Unit 3: Culture
Last in 2015 & 2016 (English as Lingua Franca & Bilingualism/Canada)
Potential Topics?
Diffusion (types, reasons, impacts, pros/cons, role of transportation & economic/political/social connections)
Globalization of culture, cultural imperialism
Uniform landscape
Taboos
Ethnic conflicts/ethnic cleansing
Distribution of languages, organization of languages (family, etc.)
Global distribution of religion
Role of religion in conflict
Gender inequality/changing gender roles
Cultural extinction, acculturation, assimilation
Culture traits
Ethnic vs. universalizing religions
Pop vs. folk culture

5. Unit 4: Political Geo. Last in 2017 (Federal vs. Unitary)
Potential Topics?
Shapes of states/sizes of states
Colonialism/Imperialism – impacts, purpose
Terrorism
Geopolitical theories
Multiethnic, multinational states
Boundary disputes/conflicts; competition for territory
Law of the Sea; sea territory disputes
Devolution, Balkanization
Irredentism
Characteristics of a state; challenges with defining a state; partial recognition

6. Unit 5: Agriculture & Rural Land Use
Last in 2016 (Subsistence vs. Commercial)
Potential Topics?
Sustainable agriculture & Organic agriculture
Desertification, loss of soil quality, soil salinization, use of chemicals, environmental impacts, etc.
Food security; Strategies for increasing food supply
Lack of water in arid/semiarid regions; depletion of water
GMOs, biotechnology, aquaculture, feedlots, animal steroids, etc. (concerns, pros/cons)
Change from subsistence to commercial
Plantation agriculture
Development & diffusion of agriculture (hearths, advancements, Columbian exchange, etc.)
Role of climate, soil, water, etc. & role of humans/technology
Second Agricultural Revolution (w/ Industrial Revolution); mechanization of agriculture
Pros & cons of Green Revolution
Intensive vs. Extensive agriculture
Agribusiness – characteristics, development, technologies, impacts
Rural settlements (patterns, development, characteristics)
Fair trade, “Eat Local,” & Organic agriculture influences on food production & consumption
Impact on food production & consumption by changing role of women

7. Unit 6: Industry & Development
Last in 2016 (Sectors of Economy)
Potential Topics?
Sustainable development (UN – Brundtland Report, Millennium Goals)
Resource issues
Self-sufficiency vs. international trade
Emerging economies, newly industrialized countries
Neo-colonialism
Offshore financial services
Basic & non-basic industries
Deindustrialization (regional such as Rust Belt, global)
Regional relocation of industry (within U.S., Europe, etc.)
Beginnings & impacts of Industrial Revolution (economy, agriculture, urbanization, population growth, migration, colonialism etc.)
Measures of economic development (HDI, GNI, GDP, IMR, NIR, literacy, healthcare, etc.)
Development of core, semi-periphery, & periphery (Wallerstein)
Complementarity, comparative advantages
International trade, economic globalization, trade blocs (NAFTA, OPEC, EU, etc.)
Production increasing in LDCs, consumption in MDCs
Outsourcing
Ecotourism

8. Unit 7: Cities & Urban Land Use
Last in 2017 (New Urbanism)
Potential Topics?
Central Place Theory
Rationale for city location
Factors in urbanization
Development of ancient and medieval cities
Pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial city changes
Factors in development of world cities
Edge cities, peripheral model/galactic city model
Urban models (esp. Multiple-Nuclei, Latin American, SE Asian, Sub-Saharan African)
Suburbanization, sprawl, smart growth
Ghettoization/inner-city problems & decay/deterioration/filtering
Redevelopment of inner-city/gentrification
Strategies to reduce autos/pollution within cities; public transportation
Growth of megacities in LDCs
Role of infrastructure (utilities, roads, airports, etc.)
Residential & commercial density, zoning ordinances, urban land use
Urban fragmentation
European/world cities vs. American cities