1. Chapter Hygiene

2. Hygiene
Hygiene: practices that promote health through personal cleanliness
Activities that foster hygiene:
Bathing; cleaning and maintaining fingernails and toenails
Performing oral care
Shampooing and grooming hair
Maintaining hearing aids and eyeglasses

3. Integumentary System
Most hygiene practices are based on maintaining or restoring a healthy intguementary system.
Integumentary System Components
Skin
Mucous membrane
Hair
Fingernails, toenails
Teeth

4. Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

5. Mucous Membrane
Line body passages such as the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
Mucous membrane also lines the conjunctiva of the eye
Goblet cells in the mucous membranes secrete mucus, a slimy substance that keeps the membranes soft and moist

6. Hair
Made up of keratin
Forms from cells at the base of a single follicle
Helps to prevent heat loss
Sebaceous glands in the hair follicles release sebum, an oily secretion

7. Nails
Fingernails and toenails are made of keratin, which in concentrated amounts gives them their tough texture
Normal nails are thin, pink, and smooth
Fingernails and toenails provide some protection to the digits

8. Teeth Present beneath the gums at birth
Contain the outer covering, enamel, a keratin structure
Exposed portion of each tooth: crown
Portion within the gum: root
Adults: 28 to 32 permanent teeth
Saliva: keeps the teeth clean and inhibits bacterial growth

9. Common Dental Problems
Sugar, plaque, and bacteria may eventually erode the tooth enamel, causing caries
Gingivitis: gum inflammation

10. Hygiene practices Bathing
Uses a cleansing agent such as soap and water to remove sweat, oil, dirt, and microorganisms from the skin
Advantages of bathing
Eliminates body odor.
reduces the potential for infection
Stimulates circulation.
provides a refreshed and relaxed feeling.
improves self-image

11. Types of Bathing according to hygiene purposes
Tub bath or shower: There is no contraindication
Partial bathing: washing only those body areas subject to greatest soiling or that are sources of body odor.
For those who are dependent persons
Bed bath( washing with a basin of water at the bedside)

12. Types of Bathing according to function
Sitz bath: Immersion of buttocks and perineum in a small basin of continuously circulating water (as in case of piles or episiotomy )
purposes:
Remove blood , serum, stool or urine
Reduce local swelling.
Relieves discomfort.

13. Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)
Sponge bath: application of tipped water to the skin.
purposes:
Reduces a fever.
Medicated bath: soaking or immersing in a mixture of water and another substance, such as (sodium bicarbonate)
Relieve itching or rashes

14. Types of Bathing according to function (cont’d)
Whirlpool bath: warm water that is continuously agitated within a tub or tank
purposes:
Improve circulation.
Increase joint mobility.
Remove dead tissue
Relieve discomfort.

15. Shaving Removes unwanted body hair
Accomplished with an electric or a safety razor
Surgery sites

16. Oral Hygiene Brushing and flossing the teeth
Dentures and bridges require special cleaning and care
Oral hygiene in unconscious clients whom need oral care more frequently than conscious clients
Prevents aspiration of oral hygiene products and water

17. Hair Care Apply a conditioner to loosen tangles
Use oil on the hair if it is dry
Brush the hair slowly to increase circulation of sebum
Use a wide-toothed comb, combing from end to crown
Use shampoo to clean hair

18. Nail Care Keeping the fingernails and toenails clean and trimmed
Nail care should be provided with extreme caution for the following clients:
Clients with diabetes
Clients with impaired circulation
Client with thick nails

19. Visual and Hearing Devices
Eyeglasses and hearing aids improve communication and socialization
Eyeglasses
Contact lenses
Artificial eyes
Hearing aids
Examples of Hearing Aids
In the ear
Behind the ear

20. General Gerontologic Considerations
Poor hygiene and grooming in older adults: signs of visual impairments, functional changes, dementia, depression, abuse, or neglect
Older adults do not need to bathe as frequently as younger adults
Use mild, nonperfumed soap
Oils are not used in showers or bathtubs due to increased risk for falls

21. General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)
For older adults with limited range of motion or mobility, provide:
Long-handled bath sponges
Nonskid strips on the floor of bathtubs
Showers with strategically placed handles and grab ممسك bars; a tub/shower seat

22. General Gerontologic Considerations (cont’d)
Due to increased susceptibility to dry skin, tears and scratches:
Avoid skin care products containing alcohol, perfumes that aggravate dry skin
Nails: keep trimmed and smooth
Feet: regularly inspect condition
Modify clothing to promote independence
Tooth loss

23. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Older adults need to bathe frequently because they perspire a lot.

24. Answer
False.
Older adults do not need to bathe frequently because they have diminished perspiration and sebum production.