1. BIOMOLECULES: CARBOHYDRATES
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
1. It does not have a chiral carbon.
2. Yes, they do!
3. Red is R-isomer and blue is S-isomer (follow the nomenclature on page 3).
4.1 There are one less chiral carbon compared to the corresponding aldose.
4.2 a) D-glucose and D-mannose
b) L-galactose
c) D-glucose or D-talose
d) dihydroxyacetone
e) erythrulose
(and see separate file in Noppa) 5. 6.
(other ring structures also possible)
7. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar, since it does not have a free aldehyde group, i.e. both of its anomeric carbons are part
of the glycosidic bond.
8. b-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1  4)-b-D-glucopyranose
9. Blood samples can be taken to a tube containing heparin. Blood will not clot, but stays liquid.
10. Its synthesis does not follow a defined template, like that of proteins or nucleic acids.
11. Bacteria have no glycosylation machinery (at least not so efficient and not producing the same glycans as eukaryotes);
some proteins require glycans during folding.
12. Gram-positive: one lipid layer + multilayered peptidoglycan on top
Gram-negative: a single-layered peptidoglycan between lipid layers

2. BIOMOLECULES: LIPIDS
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 4. 5. 6. 7.