1. Network Simplex Animations
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Network Simplex Animations
Obtain a network, and use the same network to illustrate the shortest path problem for communication networks, the max flow problem, the minimum cost flow problem, and the multicommodity flow problem. This will be a very efficient way of introducing the four problems. (Perhaps under 10 minutes of class time.)

2. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow
A tree with supplies and demands. (Assume that all other arcs have a flow of 0) 1 1 -6 2 7 3 1 3 6 -4
What is the flow in arc (4,3)? 2 4 5 3

3. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow
To calculate flows, iterate up the tree, and find an arc whose flow is uniquely determined. 1 1 -6 2 7 3 1 3 6 -4 2
What is the flow in arc (5,3)? 2 4 5 3

4. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow1 1
What is the flow in arc (3,2)? -6 2 7 3 1 3 6 -4 2 3 2 4 5 3

5. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow1 1
What is the flow in arc (2,6)? -6 2 7 3 6 1 3 6 -4 2 3 2 4 5 3

6. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow1 1
What is the flow in arc (7,1)? -6 2 7 3 6 4 1 3 6 -4 2 3 2 4 5 3

7. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow1 1
What is the flow in arc (1,6)? 3 -6 2 7 3 6 4 1 3 6 -4 2 3 2 4 5 3

8. Calculating A Spanning Tree Flow1 1
Note: there are two different ways of calculating the flow on (1,2), and both ways give a flow of 4. Is this a coincidence? 4 3 -6 2 7 3 6 4 1 3 6 -4 2 3 2 4 5 3

9. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree1
Here is a spanning tree with arc costs. How can one choose node potentials so that reduced costs of tree arcs is 0? 5 -6 2 7 -4 3 3 6 -2 1
Recall: the reduced cost of (i,j) is cij - i + j 4 5

10. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree
There is a redundant constraint in the minimum cost flow problem. 1 5 -6 2 7
One can set 1 arbitrarily. We will let i = 0. -4 3 3 6 -2 1
What is the simplex multiplier for node 2? 4 5

11. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree
The reduced cost of (1,2) is c12 - 1 + 2 = 0.
Thus 2 = 0. 1 5 -6 -5 2 7 -4 3 3 6 -2 1
What is the simplex multiplier for node 7? 4 5

12. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree
The reduced cost of (1,2) is c71 - 7 + 1 = 0.
Thus -6 - 2 +0 = 0. 1 5 -6 -5 2 7 -4 3 -6 3 6
What is the simplex multiplier for node 3? -2 1 4 5

13. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree1 5 -6 -5 2 7 -4 3 -6 -2 3 6
What is the simplex multiplier for node 6? -2 1 4 5

14. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree1 5 -6 -5 2 7 -4 3 -6 -2 3 6 -1
What is the simplex multiplier for node 4? -2 1 4 5

15. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree1 5 -6 -5 2 7 -4 3 -6 -2 3 6 -1
What is the simplex multiplier for node 5? -2 1 -4 4 5

16. Calculating Simplex Multipliers for a Spanning Tree
These are the simplex multipliers associated with this tree. They do not depend on arc flows, nor on costs of non-tree arcs. 1 5 -6 -5 2 7 -4 3 -6 -2 3 6 -1 -2 1 -4 4 5 -1

17. Network Simplex AlgorithmU 2 -4
2, $4 1 4
4, $2
3, $4 3
4, $2
4, $1
1, $4
3, $5
5, $5 2 5 5 -3
The minimum Cost Flow Problem

18. Spanning tree flows 2 -4 1 4 3 2 5 5 -3 T L U2 3 2 5 5 -3
An Initial Spanning Tree Solution

19. Simplex Multipliers and Reduced Costs-4 1 4 2 3
c45 = 2 3 ? -2 4 2 5 3 -2
What arcs are violating?
The initial simplex multipliers and reduced costs

20. Add a violating arc to the spanning tree, creating a cycle
u14, x14 T L U
2, 1 1 4
4,1
3,3 3
4, 0
4,0
1, 0
3,2
5, 3 2 5
What is the cycle, and how much flow can be sent?
Arc (2,1) is added to the tree

21. Send Flow Around the Cycle
u14, x14 T L U
2, 1 1 4
4,3
3,3 3
4, 0
4,2
1, 0
3,0
5, 3 2 5
What is the next spanning tree?
2 units of flow were sent along the cycle.

22. After a pivot
u14, x14 T L U
2, 1 1 4
4,3
3,3 3
4, 0
4,2
1, 0
3,0
5, 3 2 5
In a pivot, an arc is added to T and an arc is dropped from T.
The Updated Spanning Tree

23. Updating the Multipliers-4 1 4 2 3 3 4 -2 4 2 5
How can we make cp21 = 0 and have other tree arcs have a 0 reduced cost? 3 -2
The current multipliers and reduced costs

24. Deleting (2,1) from T splits T into two partsU -4 1 4 2 3 3 4 -2 4 2 5
What value of  should be chosen to make the reduced cost of (2,1) = 0?
3+
-2+
Adding  to nodes on one side of the tree does not effect the reduced costs of any tree arc except (2,1). Why?

25. The updated multipliers and reduced costs-4 1 4 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 5
Is this tree solution optimal? 1 -4
The updated multipliers and reduced costs

26. Add a violating arc to the spanning tree, creating a cycleU
2, 1 1 4
4,3
3,3 3
4, 0
4,2
1, 0
3,0
5, 3 2 5
What is the cycle, and how much flow can be sent?
Add arc (3,4) to the spanning tree

27. Send Flow Around the Cycle
2, 2 1 4
4,2
3,2 3
4, 0
4,2
1, 0
3,0
5, 3 2 5
What is the next spanning tree solution?
1 unit of flow was sent around the cycle.

28. The next spanning tree solution
2, 2 1 4
4,2
3,2 3
4, 0
4,2
1, 0
3,0
5, 3 2 5
Here is the updated spanning tree solution

29. Updated the multipliers-4 1 4 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 5
How should we modify the multipliers? 1 -4
Here are the current multipliers

30. Updated the multipliers
-4 + 1 4 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 5
What value should  be? 1 -4
Here are the current multipliers

31. The updated multipliers-6 -2 1 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 5
Is the current spanning tree solution optimal? 1 -4
Here are the updated multipliers.

32. The Optimal Solution -6 1 4 3 2 5 1 -4 T L U-6 -2 1 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 5
No arc violates the optimality conditions. 1 -4
Here is the optimal solution.

33. Finding the Cycle 1 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

34. Use Depth and Predecessor1 8 7
depth(5) = 4;
depth(3) = 2;
replace node 5 by pred(5) 2 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5 4

35. Use Depth and Predecessor1 8 7
depth(9) = 3;
depth(3) = 2;
replace node 9 by pred(9) 2 2 3 6 9 3 12 10 11 5

36. Use Depth and Predecessor1 8 7
depth(2) = 2;
depth(3) = 2;
replace node 2 by pred(2);
replace node 3 by pred(3) 2 2 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

37. Use Depth and Predecessor1 1 1 8 7
depth(8) = 1;
depth(7) = 1;
replace node 8 by pred(8);
replace node 7 by pred(1) 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

38. Use Depth and Predecessor1 8 7
The least common ancestor of nodes 3 and 5 has been found. 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

39. Updating the multipliers: use the thread and depth1
Suppose that arc (1,8) will drop out of the tree. What is the subtree rooted at node 8? 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

40. Follow the thread starting with node 81
What is thread(8)? 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

41. Follow the thread starting with node 81
What is thread(3)? 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

42. Follow the thread starting with node 81
What is thread(10)? 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

43. Follow the thread starting with node 81
What is thread(11)? 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

44. Follow the thread starting with node 81
What is thread(6)? 8 7 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5

45. The stopping rule
Stopping rule: stop when depth(current node)  depth(8) 1
depth = 1 8 7
depth = 1 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 5