1. GTECH 709 GIS hierarchies Chrisman’s spheres ANSI SPARC model
Levels of modeling

2. Chrisman’s Spheres

3. ANSI-SPARC Model for Software Development
GIS are systems to model the world
User Model
Conceptual Model
Operational Model

4. GIS Are Systems to Model the World
User Model – how we intuitively think
Conceptual Model
Operational Model
ANSI-SPARC Model for software development

5. GIS Are Systems to Model the World
User Model
Conceptual Model
Operational Model
ANSI-SPARC Model for software development
how we systematically define ideas

6. GIS Are Systems to Model the World
User Model
Conceptual Model
Operational Model
how we fuse systematic thinking into a technologically defined context

7. The ANSI/SPARC Model and Chrisman’s Spheres
application disciplines
context discipline
spatial modeling
conceptual modeling
logical data modeling
physical data modeling
OPERATIONAL
geoinformation theory
computer science