1. Chapter 15
Section 2
Texans Go To War

2. In its declaration of secession, Texas stated that it intended to go to war to preserve a southern way of life that made racial distinctions, in part, by maintaining blacks in a condition of servitude.

3. Civil War Begins
The Civil War begins in April 1861 at Fort Sumpter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
Confederate forces fire on a Union fort in the harbor and war begins
Beauregard vs. Anderson – Friends yet enemies

4. Many Texans Become Soldiers
Thousands of Texans like other Southerners joined the Confederate army immediately.
In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act which required men of a certain age to serve in the Confederate military
German American settlers objected to fighting against the Union.

5. The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate army were Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell Hood.

6. Most Texans Support the South
After the war began, most Texans who previously had been against secession now supported the Confederacy.
James W. Throckmorton, who had voted against secession, realized that he could not fight against Texas.
About 60,000 Texans joined the armed forces of the Confederacy.

7. 5TH TEXAS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, CO. K

8. Some Texans Aid the Union
About 2,000 Texas Unionists, including 50 African-Americans, took up arms for the Union. Mexican-Americans served on both sides of the war.
Many Texas Unionists who did not want to fight on either side left Texas.

9. Major Battles of the Civil War
Chapter 15 Section 2

10. Americans Expect a Short War
Union and Confederate Advantages:
Union advantages in war:
1) soldiers 3) food
2) factories 4) railroads
Confederate advantages in war:
1) cotton profits 3) generals
2) motivation to fight

11. Strategies Union strategy to conquer South
Anaconda Plan (plan intended to):
1) blockade Southern ports
2) divide Southern states in half (at MS River)
3) capture Richmond, Confederate capital
Confederate strategy
1) defend the Confederate states
2) invade Northern states if opportunity arises

12. Union “Anaconda” Plan 1. Capture Richmond, Virginia
Capital of Confederacy
2. Blockade Southern ports
Prevent trade with other countries
3. Capture the Mississippi River
Cut Confederacy in half
Cut off trade routes from New Orleans and Texas

13. Anaconda Plan

15. Texas-Mexico Trade Routes
Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of Texas.

16. The Progress of War

17. Ft Sumter April 12, 1861 Charleston Harbor – Charleston, S.C.
Union surrendered the fort

20. Significance of Ft. Sumter
Led to the secession of Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina
First military action of the war
This is the start of the Civil War!

21. First Battle of Bull Run
July 21, 1861
Manassas, Virginia (also called “1st Manassas”)
30 miles from Washington, D.C.
Confederates won the battle, but failed to chase the Union army
4,700 killed/wounded/captured (K/W/C)

24. Significance of Bull Run
First major battle of the war
Confederate victory; Morale boost for the South.
War would not go exactly as either side expected-people thought the war would be over in a few days

25. Battle of Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee
near Shiloh Church
Confederates drove Union back the first day, but Union won the battle the second day
24,000 K/W/C

27. Significance of Shiloh
Texas General Albert Sidney Johnston killed.
Considered one of South’s best Generals
Fought at Battle of San Jacinto
Showed that this would be a long and bloody war
Showed the determination and skill of Ulysses S. Grant

28. Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862
Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
Bloodiest single day battle in American History!
Battle is a Standoff = no side wins
28,000 killed (more WC)

31. Battle of Gettysburg July 1 - 3, 1863 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
R.E. Lee led Confederate forces into the North. Union army defeated the confederates in a costly 3 day battle
46,000 K/W/C
Bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War

33. Significance of Gettysburg
Turning point of the war
Confederate invasion of the North failed
Huge morale defeat for the South
Combined with the defeat at Vicksburg the next day, the South was never able to recover.

34. Vicksburg May 18 - July 4, 1863 Vicksburg, Mississippi
on Mississippi River
Confederates surrender after 47 day Union siege of the city
36,000 K/W/C

36. Significance of Vicksburg
Ulysses S. Grant took control of the Mississippi River
Split the confederacy in half and cut off important trade routes through New Orleans and Texas

37. Texans on the Attack
The Confederacy’s first objective was to overtake Union garrisons and supplies
Texas launched a preventative strike on Union Forces in New Mexico
The New Mexico Campaign failed and was abandoned in July 1862

39. Battle of Galveston Union ships blockaded Texas ports.
Cotton was transported through Mexico and sent to Europe in exchange for war supplies.
In October 1862 Union forces attacked and captured Galveston.
Texas Confederate forces retook Galveston in January 1863.

40. Texans Defend Sabine Pass
Confederate soldiers defeated Union forces at Sabine Pass.
Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards played a major role by capturing 350 soldiers and two boats.
The Battle of Sabine Pass was an important Confederate victory, foiling the Union’s major campaign against Texas.

41. The Battle of Sabine Pass
"There is no parallel in ancient or modern warfare to the victory of Dowling and his men at Sabine Pass considering the great odds against which they had to contend" Jefferson Davis
The Battle of Sabine Pass
September 8, 1663
In the fall of 1863, Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Richard Dowling turned back a much larger Union invasion force at the battle of Sabine Pass.

42. Forces Battle over Brownsville
Hoping to cut off the overland supply line, the Union focused on Brownsville.
In November 1863 Confederate troops drove back a Union attack on Brownsville.

43. Red River and Beyond Union forces captured New Orleans.
With 25,000 troops, they moved toward East Texas.
A smaller Confederate army met the Union forces 25 miles from the Texas border in one of the bloodiest campaigns.

44. Red River and Beyond
Hood’s Texas Brigade and Terry’s Texas Rangers served bravely
Terry’s Texas Rangers served in more battles than any other cavalry regiment in the Civil War.
General Robert E. Lee called Hood’s men his “finest soldiers.”

45. Battle of Palmito Ranch
General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on April 9, 1865.
The last land battle of the Civil War took place on May 13, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville.
Texans learned from their prisoners that Lee had surrendered a month earlier.

46. Milton Holland – Medal of Honor
Texan - Union soldier
Won Medal of Honor
Fifth U.S. Colored Troops in Athens, Ohio
Son of Bird Holland (TX Secretary of State before Civil War)
Possible slave to Bird’s half brother

47. Colonel Santos Benavides –Confederate
Led may Mexican American Confederate Soldiers
Supported Lamar during Mexican American War
Supported South due to close principles to his beliefs in regionalism
Arranged safe passage of Tx cotton along Rio Grande to Matamoras while Union occupied Brownsville

49. Massacre at Nueces