1. I’m Eating for Two: Parental Dietary Effects on Offspring Metabolism
Oliver J. Rando, Rebecca A. Simmons 
Cell 
Volume 161, Issue 1, Pages (March 2015)
DOI: /j.cell
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Schematic for Maternal Effect Paradigms
Maternal effect paradigms typically involve altered access to nutrients, with key paradigms including under- or overnutrition prior to conception, during preimplantation development, or later in pregnancy. Phenotypes are then typically studied in F1 offspring. In a subset of experimental systems, F1 offspring are bred either with control animals or with one another to identify multigenerational effects of fetal undernutrition.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2 Mechanisms Linking Fetal Nutrient Supply to Later Phenotypes
Uteroplacental insufficiency decreases availability of key substrates such as oxygen and glucose to the fetus. Altered substrate availability (e.g., decreased acetyl Co-A or S-Adenosyl methionine) can directly influence epigenetic mediators, resulting in epigenetic modifications of key genes. Decreased levels of glucose and oxygen can also impair mitochondrial function and increase production of ROS. These processes can have a detrimental effect on numerous cellular pathways, culminating in fetal programming.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions