1. Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction

2. Background
- The sporophyte generation is the dominant generation in the life of an angiosperm.
- The stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs in a flower.

4. Background - Complete flowers- Have all of the basic flower parts
- Incomplete flowers- Do not have all of the basic flower parts

5. Reproductive Organs
The anther and the ovule have sporangia located inside of them- this is where the gametophytes develop.

6. Gametes - Pollen Grains (male gametes) develop in the microsporangium
- Order of events: Microsporangium  a microsporocyte  4 microspores  each microspore will develop into 1 pollen grain, each housing 2 sperm

8. Gametes - Embryo Sack (female gametes) develop in the megasporangium
- Order of events: Megasporangium  a megasporocyte  4 megaspores but only one will survive  embryo sack

10. Pollination
Pollination- Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma - The pollen forms a pollen tube down the stigma and style - Discharges the two sperm at the embryo sack - Self-incompatibility- Many flowers will reject pollen from itself (promotes genetic diversity)

12. Fertilization Fertilization- Formation of the embryo
- Ovules develop into the seeds
- Ovary develops into a fruit

13. Fertilization - One pollen = Two sperm = Double fertilization
- Sperm #1- Forms the zygote
- Sperm #2- Forms the endosperm (food storage material for the seed

15. Seeds Mature Seed: - Seed coat- Protection for the seed
- Cotyledon(s)- “Seed leaves”
- Endosperm- Food
- Radicle- Embryonic root

18. Fruits
Fruits:
- Simple- Developed from a single carpel from one flower
- Aggregate- Developed from multiple carpels from one flower
- Multiple- Many carpels on many flowers

20. Germination Seed germination- The start of a new plant
- The seed can be dormant for many years until the conditions are ideal for growth
- Imbibition- First step of germination. Uptake of water by the dry seed (hydration)
- The radicle is the first part to emerge from the seed

22. Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction- Common in flowering plants IF the plant is living in ideal conditions
- Vegetative reproduction- Fragmentation of the plant. A part is detached and starts a new plant.
- Apomixis- Formation of a seed without pollination or fertilization

23. Asexual Reproduction
- Grafting (done by man)- Attaching a twig or branch of one species to a different species - Stock plant- The plant who is providing the roots - Scion plant- The twig or branch grafted onto the stock.