1. Human Reproductive System
A comparison of the male and female anatomy

2. Review: sexual reproduction
Mammalian life begins as a single celled organism called a zygote
The union of gametes (sperm and egg) is called fertilization.
Zygote undergoes rapid, mitotic cell divisions: forms the embryo to fetus (12 weeks)

3. Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is known as meiosis
2 types of meiosis: oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Oogenesis:
Occurs in ovaries
makes female gametes/eggs
form haploid cells
2 cell divisions (meiosis I/II)
1 functional ovum (egg)
Completes the cell cycle at fertilization
Spermatogenesis:
Occurs in testes
makes male gametes/sperm
4 functional sperm
Completes cell cycle at production of sperm
Sexual Reproduction

4. A comparison of sperm and ovum

5. How life begins for humans
Genetics control gender
Hormones control development of sex organs
After 6th week of gestation hormones released for sex organ development
Males: androgen
Androgen : released by gonad
Effect: Female oviduct disintegrate
Females: estrogen
Estrogen: released by gonad
Effect: Male vas deferens disintegrate

6. oviduct
Sperm duct

7. Warm-up: control of reproduction and STI’s
Which type of “controlling reproduction” method were you least familiar with?
What did you learn about it?
Which STI were you least familiar with?

8. Male Reproductive System: Tracing the development of sperm
Reproductive system is a system that creates, stores, and nourishes gametes that will be used to produce offspring
Males anatomical structures are designed to make sperm to create offspring
Male gonad: testis/ testes- right and left
function: make sperm and release hormones
Testicular cancer (see model)
Scrotum: external sac that protects testes on the outside of body
Testes drop through abdominal cavity during last trimester (think about the pigs)-in humans usually drop the last 2 months of gestation
Sperm production 1-3 degrees lower than internal body temperature

10. Sperm Development Puberty: 14-16
Hormones released to cause male changes:
GnRH- produced in hypothalamus
stimulates pituitary gland
LH: luteinizing hormone- produced in the pituitary gland
causes testes to make and release testosterone
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone- produced in the pituitary gland
causes sperm producing cells to take in testosterone
Testosterone: produced in the testes
1. Stimulates sperm development-(sperm production until death)
2. primary and secondary sex characteristics
Primary: pubic hair and finishing touches on male reproductive tract
Secondary: muscle development, deepened voice, body hair, and chest broadens

11. and testosterone

12. Sperm Development and transport
Testes made-up of seed bearing tubules: seminiferous tubules- produce sperm
Mature in tubules for 2-3 months
Spermatogenesis occurs here
Sperm travel through vas efferentia from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
Sperm stored in the epididymis
Stored hours- mature and become motile
Transported from the vas deferens to the urethra
Vas deferens is contained in a protective structure called spermatic cord
Sperm will enter ejaculatory duct prior to the urethra
Vas deferens
Vas efferentia

13. Sperm

15. The journey of the sperm
Urethra: passageway for semen and urine through abdominal cavity
3 major male glands responsible for contributions to semen: sperm + seminal fluids
1. seminal vesicle
Produces a seminal fluid with nutrients
2. bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland)
Produces alkaline seminal fluid to neutralize urethral lining
3. prostate gland:
Produces alkaline seminal fluid to neutralize vagina
Enlarged prostate: cancer
Symptoms: frequent urination
See models

18. The journey of the sperm
Penis: made-up of spongy tissue, blood vessels, smooth muscle
Function: transport seminal fluids to vagina
Erection increases sperm delivery
Blood fills spongy tissue
Muscles around urethra contract
Ejaculation controlled by autonomic nervous system
1 drop of semen: 5 million
1 mm of semen: million sperm
1 ejaculation of semen: 600 million
How many sperm does it take to fertilize an egg?

19. Penis
constrict
dilate
Physiology behind the erection: the nerves release nitric oxide that stimulates the production of a protein that causes the arteries to relax and erectile tissue fill with blood and the veins contract to prevent blood loss.

20. Cross Section

21. Vasectomy and other conditions
Sterile: 20 million sperm or less in ejaculation of semen- only 3.3 sperm would make it to the fallopian tubes
Causes: chemicals, smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, obesity, over heating
Erectile dysfunction: unable to obtain an erection
Erectile tissue doesn’t expand enough to compress veins
Hernia: opening or separation of some part of the abdominal wall in which a portion of the internal organs will protrude.

22. List the 4 phases of the female menstrual cycle.
Anatomy: warm-up
List the 4 phases of the female menstrual cycle.
How are hormones related to the major events of the female menstrual cycle?

23. Female Anatomy: trace the path of an egg (ovum)
Females anatomy is designed to produce eggs and store, nourish, and protect a growing embryo
Female gonads: ovaries (2)- produce eggs and hormones
Born with 2 million immature egg follicles
Reduced to approximately 350,000 by puberty
New studies are showing the female ovary may have stem cells to regenerate new eggs??????
Will complete oogenesis at fertilization
Releases 1 egg/month (average) until menopause
Releases approximately _______ in lifetime
ARTICLE

25. Puberty- hormones (released through menopause)
Age 11-13
Hypothalamus: produces and releases GnRH
activates pituitary
Pituitary: releases FSH- stimulates egg follicles to take in estrogen
Pituitary: releases LH-
activates ovaries to produce and release estrogen
Activates corpus luteum to release estrogen and progesterone
Stimulates ovaries to release ovum
Ovaries: release estrogen:
Thickens uterine lining
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
Primary:
Secondary:
Corpus Luteum: release progesterone-
thickens uterine lining

26. Warm-up
Write 3 female hormones and tell me either where they are produced or what their role are in terms of the female reproductive system.

27. Ovum Development

28. Trace the path of the ovum
Fimbrae: fingerlike projections that “sweep” a released ovum into the fallopian tubes (oviduct)
Fallopian tubes: an 11 cm lubricated and ciliated tube that transports egg/zygote to the uterus
Location of fertilization
2-3 days in FT

29. fimbrae

30. Female
Uterus: muscular womb- location of embryonic and fetal development.
Endometrium: lining of uterine wall
Location of implantation of blastocyst- growing embryo
Endometriosis: lining spreads throughout abdomen
Cervix: round and hard; made of connective tissue
area between the uterus and the vagina
Opening for sperm entry
Dilates during contractions (10 cm)

31. Biobag Artificial womb
Gives infants that are born too early (premature) to have a more natural, uterus-like environment to continue developing

33. fimbrae

34. Female Anatomy Vagina: muscular tube/ birth canal/ receives penis
Vulva: folds of epidermal tissue
Major and minor labia
Protects vagina (birth canal)
Glans clitoris: erectile organ- anatomically comparative to the glans penis

35. fimbrae

36. fimbrae

37. Female Topics Menopause Hysterectomy Tubal birth Tubal ligation
Infertility
Causes: PID, obesity, endometrioses

38. See pig ovary , uterus, and fallopian tubes