1. 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology

3. DNA profiling Identify natural variations found in every person’s DNA
Use variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)
Short, repeated sequences of nucleotides e.g. CACACA, ATTCGATTCG
Number of repeats are highly variable
No known function
1984 Alec Jeffries

4. 4.4 How is DNA profiling useful?
Forensic investigations
Collect samples such as blood or semen to use as evidence for court case
Investigate paternity
The bands on the child's fragments are either found on the mother or the male1.

5. DNA profiling
1. Isolate DNA from biological materials from the crime scene (hair, blood, etc.) and possible suspects

6. DNA profiling 2. Polymerase chain reaction Purpose: make copies of DNA
Two strands of DNA separate (DNA denaturation due to high temperature)
DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (a bacteria that lives in hot springs)
Synthesizes new DNA strand by using complementary strand as template

9. DNA fingerprinting process
3. Cut the DNA into small fragments via restriction enzymes
4. Gel electrophoresis
Method of separating mixture of DNA
Mixture placed in well
Electric field is applied gel via electrodes
Separate according to size and charge (highly charged molecules move faster)

10. Will our gel look like this?
No – we have all the DNA
How do we separate individuals?
What do we need to identify VNTR? Single stranded DNA + probe with complementary nucleotides of interest

11. DNA profiling 5. Make single stranded DNA
Application of external stress: strong compound (acid/base)
6. Add radioactive probe
DNA fragment containing nucleotide bases complementary to gene of interest
Hybridization

13. Try this!
DNA profiling – M. Anderson Gel electrophoresis virtual lab

14. 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
Blog: Describe the process of DNA profiling.
Feedback distributer: Fernanda

15. 4.4.5 The Human Genome Project
Begun formally in 1990 the international projects aims
Completed April 2003
Findings:
Number and loci of all genes in our genome (30,000). Fewer than expected => complex relationship between genes.
New proteins and functions discovered. Better drugs design using knowledge of protein structure
DNA comparisons can be made with other species. Closely related species share more similarities in the DNA sequence. Used to infer evolutionary history.

16. The Human Genome Project
Genetic ‘report card’: contains individual genetic information
Who should have access?
How should they use it?

17. GMO & Cloning Feedback distributer: Diego
If your topic is GMO, please sit in the middle.
Announcement: Learning Log

18. Gene transfer
Universality of genetic code allows genes to be transferred from one organism to the other
Genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypetides translated from them is unchanged

19. Gene transfer small (2 - 30 genes) loops of bacterial DNA
plasmids = vector = medium by which genes of interest are transferred to host
small ( genes) loops of bacterial DNA
a host cell (bacterium):
receives a gene of interest
via a vector replicates repeatedly, passing on gene of interest to offspring

20. Gene transfer restriction enzymes DNA ligase
produced naturally by bacteria as defense against viruses
used to cut the desired section of the DNA
recognizes unique sequences of DNA in plasmid and in gene of interest
Cuts complementary sticky ends in gene of interest and plasmid
allow incorporation of gene of interest into plasmids
DNA ligase
creates covalent bonds
joining together gene of interest within plasmid,
producing recombinant DNA
GMO = genetically modified organism

21. Monsanto America’s BIG Agricultural biotechnology cooperation
“Roundup”: Crops genetically designed to tolerate herbicide
80% of soybean, corn, cotton, sugar beets, and canola seeds grown in US are from Monsanto

22. Gene patenting Patent = Intellectual property right
Right to prevent others from making, using selling patented product without permission

23. Discussion
Benefits
Controversies
Questions:

24. Cloning
Clone = group of genetically identical organisms or group of cells derived from single parent

25. Dolly – Word’s most famous sheep
Born 1996
Three sheep: DNA donor, Egg cell donor, surrogate mother
Electric shock causes two cell membranes to fuse and mitosis to trigger
Embryo implanted into surrogate mother

26. Why clone? Cloning for medical purposes
Cloning animal models of disease: create multiple copies of transgenic organism with disease causing mutation in genes
“Pharming” for drug production
Farm animals such as cows, sheep and goats are genetically engineered to produce drugs or proteins
Cloning stem cells for research
Stem cells: unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves and differentiate under appropriate conditions
Contain human gene for making important proteins (insulin, growth hormone). Isolate protein from milk

27. Why clone? Retrieving endangered or extinct species
Cloning dinosaurs?
Need well preserved DNA
Reproducing a deceased pet
Cat cloning service in US

28. Why clone? Cloning humans?
Couples that can’t have child
Couples that have lost child
Does everyone have right to have children, regardless of how they are created?
Is human cloning playing with nature?