1. Adiponectin: an enlarging role in acute kidney injury
Jieun Oh, Hamid Rabb 
Kidney International 
Volume 83, Issue 4, Pages (April 2013)
DOI: /ki
Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
(a) Immune responses during acute kidney injury (AKI). After ischemia/reperfusion, there is a microvascular no-reflow state with endothelial activation and stasis of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets. Some of these cells migrate to the interstitium and, together with resident immune cells, further perpetuate the proinflammatory state that contributes to the renal dysfunction during AKI. Cytokines and chemokines, along with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), become activated and increase. NK, natural killer cell; NKT, natural killer T cell. (Adapted with permission from the Journal of Clinical Investigation.10) (b) Effects of adiponectin (APN) on immune cells. APN has been shown to have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. Inflammatory effects (red arrows): APN induces maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) by increasing expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), costimulatory molecules and enhances production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-6. APN-treated DCs differentiate naive CD4+ T cells to both Th1 and Th17 lineage. APN elicits a proinflammatory response in human macrophages. APN induces CD4+ T cells to increase secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-6. Anti-inflammatory effects (blue arrows): APN preferentially binds to apoptotic blebs on early apoptotic cells, facilitating phagocytosis by macrophages (Mφ). APN polarizes macrophage phenotype toward alternative activation (M2) associated with increased production of arginase-1, IL-10, and macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine-specific lectin-1 (Mgl-1). APN limits T-cell proliferation by enhancing apoptosis in the antigen-specific T-cell population.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /ki )
Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions