1. Emotional and Social Development During the First Year
Chapter 9
Emotional and Social Development During the First Year

2. Understanding Emotional and Social Development
Emotional Development – process of learning to recognize and express one’s identity as a unique person.
Child with healthy emotional development = a self confident adult who can handle stress and shows empathy toward others
Social Development – process of learning to interact with others and to express oneself to others
Healthy social development = adult who can communicate well with others, listens to other points of view, is more tolerant of others

3. Emotional and Social Development
They are connected to each other – the way a child feels about themselves affects how the react to others
Emotional and Social Development begins at birth and continues throughout life
Influences that shape these areas:
Bond formed between parent and child
Atmosphere of home
The temperament of the child

4. Attachment The bond between a parent or caregiver and a child
Formed out of basic need for physical contact: holding, cuddling, rocking, feeding, playing, or proximity
Touch is the first sense to be developed in the embryo – this is why it is known as “the mother of all senses.”

5. Imprinting
Special form of attachment observed in swans, ducks, chickens and geese.
They walk within a short time of hatching, and by instinct they follow the first moving object they see – usually, the parent bird.
During a short period of time in geese after hatching they will imprint with anyone or thing they see.

6. Bonding Studies
At the University of Wisconsin, Dr. Harry Harlow did an experiment on bonding. He used monkeys as his subjects. The monkeys were fed by an artificial wire monkey. However, there was a terrycloth monkey in the cage, too. Even though they got no food from the terrycloth monkey, they preferred it to the wire one. The conclusion was made that warmth and softness help in the bonding process.
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many children in orphanages died from a disease they called MARASMUS. This terms means, wasting away. When researching this situation, they found that the infants had plenty of food and medical care. The thing they lacked was having someone touch them. Because of this study, institutions today practice mothering children (picking up the baby, rocking the baby, carrying it around, etc.). At one hospital, the death rate for infants fell to below 10% (it had been 30-35%).
Touch is also related to increasing a child's mental functioning, not just physical health.
(Information adapted from "Looking Out/Looking In", 3rd Edition, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Ronald B. Adler,Neil Towne, page 273.)
Romania:

7. Need for Love
A study of abused and neglected children who failed to receive love, touch, and opportunities for learning had brains 20 to 30 percent smaller than average
Most likely to develop when physical needs are met but babies receive no emotional or social care
Infants that get little attention and encouragement from caregivers:
Cries weaken
Smiles fade
Become withdrawn

8. Failure to Thrive
Failure to thrive – condition in which baby does not grow and develop properly
Without help they become unattached
As adults – unable to develop caring, meaningful relationships with others
Can be helped by loving care takers
Signs of growing attachment:
Babies who cry to communicate their needs gaze into the eyes of caregivers and follow their movements
Snuggle, cuddle, and become comforted
Older babies make sounds when caregivers embrace them and will crawl or walk to them

9. Building Trust through Care
Attitude newborns develop about their world depends on how their needs are met.
Sense of security and comfortable world view
Newborn kept dry, fed, soothed when fussy, and talked to when awake
Insecure and unfriendly world view – lack of trust
Newborn made to conform to a rigid schedule with no comforting adult response to crying
Or inconsistent caregiver response

10. Emotional Climate of Home
Moods are contagious
Ups and downs are normal
Babies adapt
Caring and affection should be rule not exception
Couples need to learn to communicate frustrations – babies are life changing, not easy but worth it
Single parents need to find support

11. Baby’s Own Temperament
Babies’ means of coping with life are individual
Different response to similar situations are based on baby’s temperament

12. 9 Ways of looking at Temperament
Intensity – How strong or weak are a child’s emotional responses to events or others
High - Deep and powerful response, very loud
Low - weak cry
Persistence – how determined is a child to complete an action and desire to finish task
High - Very upset when can’t complete activity, difficulty accepting “no”
Low - easily persuaded to begin new activity and accepts no
Sensitivity – How strong or weak a child reacts to his or her feelings
High – may be bothered by foods, smells, sights, sounds, uncomfortable clothing
Low – accept what comes

13. Temperament continued:
Perceptiveness – awareness of surroundings
High – easily distracted, difficulty following directions with several different things to do
Low – handle many directions at once, less likely to notice things around them
Adaptability – ability to adjust to changes
High – not bothered by surprises or change
Low –resists change, wants to keep doing whatever they are doing, doesn’t like surprises
Regularity – following patterns
High – follow strong patterns of routine (eating, sleeping, bathroom, and play times)
Low - each day is different

14. Temperament continued:
Energy – physical activity
High – constantly moving even when sitting, like running more than walking 
Low – move less and can play in one spot for long time
First reaction – how they face new situations
High – dive right in and take part, open to new activities
Low – hold back watch others first, resist new situations
Mood – positive or negative
Happy cheerful vs. negative and cranky
Complete “Temperament” handout

15. 9-2 Emotions in Infancy
Game Identifying emotions: Students will act out emotion using facial expression, body language and sounds but not words
Joy, anger, frustration, confusion, fear, love, pride, shame

16. 9-2 How Behavior Is Learned
Infant learns how to behave toward others through his or her relationship with others
Learned behavior depends on the messages he or she receives from caregivers
Babies learn to repeat behavior that receives a positive response (smiles, hugs, praise), and avoid behavior that receives negative responses (frowns or scolding).
Babies crave any kind of attention, if positive reinforcement does not outweigh negative, they will do negative things just to get attention
More sensitive to attitudes than words.
If caregiver is laughing while saying “no,” baby will think she approves. (mixed messages, confusing, consistency is a must)

17. Emotions in Infancy Journal entry: title “Today’s emotions”
Answer: How do you feel today? (Positive toward others, upbeat, grouchy, angry)
Think back to the first interactions with others you had today…
How were your feelings shaped by those interactions?
Babies often pick up on moods of those around them – how can you have an impact on kids you take care of or are around?

18. Emotions in Infancy
Babies gradually develop the range of emotions you experience as young adults.
At birth emotions are limited
Pleasure or satisfaction – when baby is quiet
Pain or discomfort – when baby cries
Around 1 ½ months – show delight by smiling
Around 4 to 5 months – Disgust and Anger
Around 8 Months - Fear
Around 9 Months - Affection

19. Crying and Comforting
Babies who cry loudly and often may be considered difficult:
Cuddling and rocking – benefits – stimulates the cortex of the brain helping baby gin weight, develop sight and hearing, and promote sleep
New position
Talk and sing softly
Offer a toy for distraction
Stroke babies back
Self comforting: pacifier (never on string around neck) soft objects, sucking on thumb, self rocking

20. Colic - baby extremely fussy everyday, usually between 6:00 to midnight. Most intense around 6weeks old.
Mom’s that are breast feeding should avoid: caffeine, milk products, cabbage, and onions
Switch to soy based formula

21. Signs of Social Development in Infancy
Typical development patterns:
1st days – respond to human voices
1 month – stop crying when lifted or touched; babies face brightens when seeing family member
2 months – smile at people; eyes follow moving objects
3 months – turn head in response to a voice, want companionship
4 months – Babies laugh out loud
5 months – increased interest in family members other than parents; may cry when left alone

22. Typical development patterns cont:
6 months – love company and attention (peekaboo)
7 months – prefer parents over other family or strangers
8 months – prefer to be in a room with people – may crawl to find them
9 and 10 months – socially active, crawl after parents, enjoy chase & playing games throwing toys
11 and 12 months – friendly and happy, sensitive to others emotions, like attention, more tolerant of strangers

23. Stranger Anxiety
Around the age of 8 months babies fear unfamiliar people and usually express it with crying.
This shows baby’s memory is improving and baby better remembers the faces of parents and caregivers.
Remind new people to approach the baby slowly and give baby time to adjust
Not a good time to introduce sudden changes