1. About the course:
We will use the ANP rule (Absolutely No Propaganda!). Dr. Tom
will do his best to act as a scientist – i.e., to give you high-quality
unbiased information. He will encourage you to use your intellect
to reach your own conclusions concerning issues that are now
the matter of heated debates (such as, e.g., global warming).
We will try to use various forms of “interactive classroom instruc-
tion”. Your help and “feedback” will be most appreciated!

2. Material: the first thing we need to talk about is the
definition of energy.
Energy is the capacity of doing (providing, delivering)
work -- this is the “textbook definition”.
So, one has to know first what work is, right?

3. However, the path may be not a straight line, and
the force may change along the path. What then?
Then, we use a “more sophisticated” definition:
But no matter which definition we use, the units
are always the same:
(the unit of work) = (the unit of force)•(the unit of length)
In this course, we will use primarily the SI units.

4. So, since energy is equivalent to work, the SI unit
of energy is also 1 J.

5. One of the most important laws of physics is the
Energy Conservation Law. It says: energy can
neither disappear, nor spontaneously emerge from
Nowhere. The amount of energy in an isolated
system is constant! (“isolated system”- a one from
which energy cannot escape, and cannot enter it
from outside).
However, there are many different forms of energy.
Kinetic energy and potential mechanical energy
are just two such forms.
What other forms of energy do we know – let’s
try to make a list on the next slide:

6. I propose that we order our list according to the time in history when
humans started using a given form of energy at a meaningful scale:
“Biological energy” – the energy stored in our bodies. Humans
started using this form of energy long before they became humans
(for moving around, climbing trees, hunting, fighting…).
Solar energy – same as above. E.g., to get warm after a chilly night.
Chemical energy – that stored in the food. Again, humans started
taking advantage of this form long before they became humans.
Thermal energy – that from fire. At the onset of civilization! It was
the first form the use of which required human intellect!
“Animal energy”: here we mean “biological energy”, but that stored
in the bodies of domesticated animals, not our own bodies.
Wind energy – first ever “hi-tech” devices built by humans used it!
In sailing boats, wind mills, simple water pumps for irrigating fields.
Hydro-energy – kinetic/potential energy of water in streams and
artificial ponds – probably, started being used about the same time
as wind energy. Ancient civilizations, e.g., Egyptians, used both!
Then, there was a long period with no significant progress in using
new energy forms…

7. … Things started moving in fast pace only in the Second Millennium.
The new forms that people employed then were:
Chemical energy from “synthetic”, i.e. man-made carriers:
gunpowder (a.k.a. “black powder”), first invented in China about
1000 years ago, was perhaps the first?
Chemical energy from mined sources (e.g., coal): widespread use
begun in XVIII Century; then (XIX Cent.) came oil, and natural gas.
Energy from heat engines – when coal became available; the first
heat engine was built in England by Newcomen in early 1700-s
then a far better machine was built about 50 years later by James
Watt. When that happened, the “Industrial Revolution” began!
Electrical energy – XIX Century; the proud XIX-century people
called their times The Century of Steam and Electricity.
Geothermal energy – water from hot sources had been used for
millennia by people who dwelled nearby, but a utilization on industrial
scale began only in the early years of the XX Century.
Atomic (nuclear) energy – first used for not-so-nice purposes in
1945, for peaceful purposes a few years later.
Mass, as discovered by A. Einstein, is also an energy form (E=mc2).
Future, not yet known usable forms???? ….
Is this list complete? Can you think of any other items?

8. Now, let’s return to the Energy Conservation Law. Energy cannot
disappear, but one energy form can be converted into another.
Sometimes Form X can be converted directly into Form Y.
Sometimes both ways, sometimes only one way. Sometimes
such conversion has to be a multi-stage process, e.g.,
Form X → Form A → Form B → Form Y.
Now, I want to make the first “test” of how the “envelope
system” I talked about last time would work in this class.
Please form groups of about 10 people in each.
Fill the names in the form provided. On the form, there is a
number. It refers to the item on the list that you will see in
a moment – it’s a shortened list of the energy form we talked
about minutes ago.
I want you to spend a few minutes on discussing in the group
the following question: How can this form of energy be converted
into mechanical energy? (either kinetic, or potential). After a few
minutes spent on the discussion, let one of you write the
answer, put it in the envelope, and return it to me.
Use your sense of humor! The answer not necessarily has to
be in words – it may also be in a graphic form! Examples of what I
mean by a “graphic form” are on the next three slides.

9. 1. 2. Example: graphic illustration of magic energy conversion
to mechanical (potential) energy 1. 2.
Hermione
Harry Potter

10. 3. 4.

11. Conversion of chemical energy (in gunpowder)
to mechanical (potential) energy

12. Biological energy (in our own bodies)
Solar energy
Chemical energy (in food)
Thermal energy (from fire)
“Animal energy”
Wind energy
Hydro-energy
“Mined” chemical energy
Energy from “synthetic fuels” (e.g., black powder)
Electrical energy
Geothermal energy
Atomic (nuclear) energy
Energy contained in mass (Einstein’s formula).