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Drawing Darwin’s Diagram:
Creating Cladograms
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Swedish Botanist, Physician, and Zoologist
Carolus Linnaeus (aka Carl von Linné) Swedish Botanist, Physician, and Zoologist Developed a hierarchial classification scheme do deal with all these organisms, and we use to this day (though we are moving away from it a little bit)!
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Taxonomy is Hierarchial!
The Organisms are Diverse Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdom Eubacteria Gram + Protista (Chromista) Plantae Fungi Animalia Phylum Proteobacteria Eury-archaeota Phaeophyta Anthophyta Magnolio-phyta Basidio-mycota Chordata Class Gamma-proteobacteria -- Phaeo-phyceae Dicoty-ledonae Hymeno-mycetes Mammalia Order Entero-bacteriales Halo-bacteriales Fucales Rosales Agaricales Primates Family Entero-bacteriaceae Halo-bacteriaceae Fucaceae Rosaceae Agaricaceae Hominidae Genus Escherichia Halo-bacterium Fucus Rosa Agaricus Homo Species E. coli H. salinarum F. distichus R. multiflora A. bisporus H. sapiens Common DH5 Halophytic archaeon Rockweed Wild Rose Mushroom Human
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Descent with Modification
Charles Darwin - British Naturalist Formal Studies: Medicine and Theology Descent with Modification 1880 The Power of Movement in Plants 1871 Descent of Man 1859 Origin of Species Species evolved from generation to generation over time HMS Beagle Voyage
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Notice the very large number of extinctions!
Darwin’s Tree of Life (1859) the only figure in: On the Origin of Species future time present The Roman numerals each represent 1000 generations many more many more past time The letters A-L represent hypothetical progenitor species within a single genus Notice the very large number of extinctions!
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How do we make a tree of life?
Extant Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 0.5 Land! Animals 1 Multicellular 2 First Eukaryotes Extinct 3 Cyanobacterial Oxygen Long Time with Prokaryotes only 4 BYBP Origin of Life Original Cell
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Emil Hans (Willi) Hennig German entomologist
Hennig developed a mechanism (cladistics) to find the pathways of evolution among related organisms. It is based not only on what one sees, but on many kinds of evidence, including molecular sequences. The pathways are determined by virtue of shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies). Rather than putting organisms into Linnean taxonomic “boxes,” the cladistics process shows the pathway of evolution. Emil Hans (Willi) Hennig German entomologist
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Evidence Categories History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently
Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc. Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc. Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia
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How do we find the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics Inferences from comparison of extant organisms Characters-Attributes of the organism Anatomy Morphology Development Physiology Macromolecule Sequences Polarizing Character States Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup
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Page 7 Clade Critters Lacking Antennae
OG A B C D E Plesiomorphies are features so anciently evolved that they are found in all of the organisms including OG.
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Page 7 Clade Critters Lacking Antennae
OG A B C D E Apomorphies are features modern enough to have evolved among the members of the in-group; i.e. not observed in OG.
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Page 7 Clade Critters Lacking Antennae
OG A B C D E Synapomorphies are features shared among the members of the in-group indicating closer relatedness, establishing branching.
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Page 7 Clade Critters Lacking Antennae
OG A B C D E Autapomorphies are features evolved so recently they are observed only in one member of the in-group.
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Now we fill out a data matrix to direct our cladogram construction
B C D E Large Black Wide Long Thick 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5
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ABCDE 6,10 plesiomorphy Large Black Wide Long Thick 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5
OG A B C D E Large Black Wide Long Thick 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 ABCDE 6,10 plesiomorphy
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BE ACD ABCDE 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy Large Black Wide Long
OG A B C D E Large Black Wide Long Thick 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 BE ACD ABCDE 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy
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CD 5,8 BE 1 ACD 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy Large Black Wide
OG B E A C D Large Black Wide Long Thick 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 CD 5,8 BE 1 ACD 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy
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7 3 2 autapomorphy CD 5,8 BE 1 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy
OG B E A C D 7 Large Black Wide Long Thick 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 autapomorphy CD 5,8 BE 1 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy
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7 3 2 autapomorphy 5,8 1 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy OG B E A C
D 7 3 2 autapomorphy 5,8 1 4,9 synapomorphy 6,10 plesiomorphy
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OG E B A C D 3 2 7 5,8 1 4,9 6,10
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OG E B A D C 3 7 2 5,8 1 10 Steps 0 Homoplasies 4,9 6,10
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This diagram is based on the same clade critter data…
But is not the result of cladistic analysis: 25 Steps!! OG E B A D C 22 Homoplasies!! <-- black eye <-- long leg <-- dark body <-- wide neck <-- thick leg <-- wide body <-- long wing <-- large eye <-- wide wing <-- long stinger What concept was used to make this diagram? Scientists reject this diagram because of parsimony…why?
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