1. Chapter 2 Earth Science Mrs. Schwartz
2.1 Matter (And Minerals)
Chapter 2 Earth Science Mrs. Schwartz

2. Minerals: The building blocks of rocks
To be considered a mineral, a substance must:
be a naturally occurring
solid
be formed by inorganic processes
have a crystalline structure (orderly molecular arrangement)
have a specific chemical composition

3. Composition and structure of minerals
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Minerals are made up of one or more elements

4. Composition and structure of minerals

5. Composition and structure of minerals
Atoms:
Smallest particle of matter
Have all the characteristics of an element

6. How atoms are constructed
The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains
Protons (+ charge), Neutrons (No charge)
Energy levels, or shells
contain electrons—negatively charged particles

7. Energy Levels

8. Why Atoms Bond
When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.
A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.
An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.

9. Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions. (metals+non-metals)
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. (formed between Non-metals)
Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons. (formed between metals only)