1. Lung sounds
PPA

2. Five Classes of Sounds Normal Mild Acute Moderate Acute Severe Acute
Chronic

3. Normal What is our definition of a “normal”
Little to no pathophysiological signs
No permanent lung tissue damage
Antibiotic therapy may not be justified

4. Normal
Note the lack of any pathophysiological symptoms of sickness.

5. Normal - Lungs

6. Normal - Histopathology

7. Normal - Spectrogram
The spectrogram of the sound shows little change during respiratory phases.

8. Normal - Spectrogram
The spectrogram of the sound shows little change during respiratory phases.

9. Mild Acute What is our definition of “mild acute”
Early pathophysiological symptoms
Weight gaining ability starting to be compromised
Antibiotic therapy is necessary with expectations of excellent response from cost effective medications

10. Mild Acute

11. Mild Acute - Spectrogram

12. Mild Acute - Spectrogram

13. Moderate Acute What is our definition of “moderate acute”
Some pathophysiological symptoms
Weight gaining ability compromised
Aggressive antibiotic therapy necessary for full recovery with no permanent damage

14. Moderate Acute
Again, note the lack of any pathophysiological symptoms of sickness.

15. Moderate Acute - Lungs
The lung tissue is beginning to show signs of damage [note fluid buildup in front of heart]

16. Moderate Acute - Histopathology
The histopathology microgram shows some thickening of the interstitial areas- pre-pneumonic stage

17. Moderate Acute - Spectrogram
The spectrogram for the mild shows good air movement for each respiratory phase. Each peak represents a respiratory phase where airway obstructions cause noise to be made.

18. Moderate Acute - Spectrogram
The spectrogram for the mild shows good air movement for each respiratory phase (black line). Each peak represents a respiratory phase where airway obstructions cause noise to be made (brown line).

19. Severe Acute What is our definition of “severe acute”
Pathophysiological signs definitely visible
Lung tissue quickly deteriorating
Weight gaining ability severely hampered (not permanent)
Immediate, aggressive antibiotic therapy necessary just to minimize permanent damage

20. Severe Acute
Some pathophysiological symptoms are appearing (runny nose), eye discharge, depression

21. Severe Acute - Lungs
Severe damage is beginning to show on the exterior of the lungs. Note the dark regions above the apical lobe.

22. Severe Acute – Trachea
Mucus within the trachea.

23. Severe Acute – Lungs
Cross section of the apical lobe, notice the consolidation beginning to occur as well as the inflamed state of the tissue.

24. Severe Acute – Lungs
Severe damage done by the infection.

25. Severe Acute - Histopathology
Histopathology microgram shows white cells coming in to fight infection with air sac and small airways filled

26. Severe Acute - Histopathology
Histopathology microgram showing same response- higher magnification

27. Severe Acute - Spectrogram
Spectrogram shows signs of reduced air movement (brown line) as well as the first signs of consolidation (orange boxes).

28. Severe Acute - Spectrogram
Spectrogram shows signs of reduced air movement (brown line) as well as the first signs of consolidation (orange boxes).

29. Chronic What is our definition of “chronic”? Advanced pathophysiology
Permanent lung tissue damage is present
Treatment will only affect new infections
Weight gaining ability permanently diminished

30. Chronic
Obvious pathophysiological signs of severe infection.

31. Chronic - Lungs
Obvious signs of severe lung tissue damage.

32. Chronic - Lungs
Dark purple regions indicate permanent lung tissue consolidation.

33. Chronic - Histopathology
Dark purple regions indicate permanent lung tissue consolidation.

34. Chronic - Lungs
Spectrogram reflects permanent consolidation of lung tissue with near constant level of noise throughout respiratory phases.

35. Chronic - Lungs
Spectrogram reflects permanent consolidation of lung tissue with near constant elevated level of noise throughout respiratory phases (brown line).

36. Outward comparison Normal Mild Acute Moderate Acute Severe Acute
Chronic

37. Lung tissue comparison
Normal
Mild Acute
Moderate Acute
Severe Acute
Chronic

38. Histopathology comparison
Normal
Mild Acute
Moderate Acute
Severe Acute
Chronic

39. Spectrogram comparison
Normal
Mild Acute
Moderate Acute
Severe Acute
Chronic